TY - JOUR
T1 - 4D formation of human embryonic forelimb musculature
AU - Logan, Malcolm
AU - Wilde, Susan M.
AU - Feneck, Eleanor
AU - Mohun, Timothy J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by Medical Research Council grants MC PC 13052 and MR/ S000038/1 to M.P.O.L. Deposited in PMC for immediate release.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/2/17
Y1 - 2021/2/17
N2 - The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy iswell described, much less is known about the embryonic events that ensure individualmuscles reach theirmature form. A description of human forelimb muscle development is needed to understand the events that control normal muscle formation and to identify what events are disrupted in congenital abnormalities in which muscles fail to form normally. We provide a new, 4D anatomical characterisation of the developing human upper limbmuscles between Carnegie stages 18 and 22 using optical projection tomography. We show that muscles develop in a progressive wave, from proximal to distal and fromsuperficial to deep.We show that somemuscle bundles undergo splitting events to form individual muscles, whereas others translocate to reach their correct position within the forelimb. Finally, we show that palmaris longus fails to form from early in development. Our study reveals the timings of, and suggests mechanisms for, crucial events that enable nascent muscle bundles to reach their mature form and position within the human forelimb.
AB - The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy iswell described, much less is known about the embryonic events that ensure individualmuscles reach theirmature form. A description of human forelimb muscle development is needed to understand the events that control normal muscle formation and to identify what events are disrupted in congenital abnormalities in which muscles fail to form normally. We provide a new, 4D anatomical characterisation of the developing human upper limbmuscles between Carnegie stages 18 and 22 using optical projection tomography. We show that muscles develop in a progressive wave, from proximal to distal and fromsuperficial to deep.We show that somemuscle bundles undergo splitting events to form individual muscles, whereas others translocate to reach their correct position within the forelimb. Finally, we show that palmaris longus fails to form from early in development. Our study reveals the timings of, and suggests mechanisms for, crucial events that enable nascent muscle bundles to reach their mature form and position within the human forelimb.
KW - Human embryonic development, congenital abnormalities, upper limb, muscle development, muscle splitting
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102212624&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1242/dev.194746
DO - 10.1242/dev.194746
M3 - Article
VL - 148
JO - Development (Cambridge)
JF - Development (Cambridge)
IS - 4
M1 - dev194746
ER -