TY - JOUR
T1 - A systematic review and comprehensive evaluation of human intervention studies to unravel the bioavailability of hydroxycinnamic acids
AU - Di Pede, Giuseppe
AU - Mena, Pedro
AU - Bresciani, Letizia
AU - Achour, Mariem
AU - Lamuela, Rosa Mª
AU - Estruch, Ramón
AU - Landberg, Rikard
AU - Kulling, Sabine E
AU - Wishart, David
AU - Rodriguez-Mateos, Ana
AU - Clifford, Michael N
AU - Crozier, Alan
AU - Manach, Claudine
AU - Del Rio, Daniele
N1 - Funding Information:
Coumaroylquinic acids reached C values three times higher than caffeoylquinic and FQAs (), indicating that coumaroylquinic acids circulate in blood at higher concentrations than their hydroxylated and methylated derivatives (). This finding was also supported by C, normalized values for C and C, and urinary excretion ( and ). max avg max avg
Publisher Copyright:
© Giuseppe Di Pede et al., 2023; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
PY - 2023/6/29
Y1 - 2023/6/29
N2 - Significance: Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are the main phenolic acids in the western diet. Harmonizing the available information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of HCAs is fundamental to unraveling the compounds responsible for their health effects. This work systematically assessed pharmacokinetics, including urinary recovery, and bioavailability of HCAs and their metabolites, based on literature reports. Recent Advances: Forty-seven intervention studies with coffee, berries, herbs, cereals, tomato, orange, grape products, and pure compounds, as well as other sources yielding HCA metabolites, were included. Up to 105 HCA metabolites were collected, mainly acyl-quinic and C
6-C
3 cinnamic acids. C
6-C
3 cinnamic acids, such as caffeic and ferulic acid, reached the highest blood concentrations (maximum plasma concentration [C
max] = 423 nM), with time to reach C
max (T
max) values ranging from 2.7 to 4.2 h. These compounds were excreted in urine in higher amounts than their phenylpropanoic acid derivatives (4% and 1% of intake, respectively), but both in a lower percentage than hydroxybenzene catabolites (11%). Data accounted for 16 and 18 main urinary and blood HCA metabolites, which were moderately bioavailable in humans (collectively 25%). Critical Issues: A relevant variability emerged. It was not possible to unequivocally assess the bioavailability of HCAs from each ingested source, and data from some plant based-foods were absent or inconsistent. Future Directions: A comprehensive study investigating the ADME of HCAs derived from their most important dietary sources is urgently required. Eight key metabolites were identified and reached interesting plasma C
max concentrations and urinary recoveries, opening up new perspectives to evaluate their bioactivity at physiological concentrations.
AB - Significance: Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are the main phenolic acids in the western diet. Harmonizing the available information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of HCAs is fundamental to unraveling the compounds responsible for their health effects. This work systematically assessed pharmacokinetics, including urinary recovery, and bioavailability of HCAs and their metabolites, based on literature reports. Recent Advances: Forty-seven intervention studies with coffee, berries, herbs, cereals, tomato, orange, grape products, and pure compounds, as well as other sources yielding HCA metabolites, were included. Up to 105 HCA metabolites were collected, mainly acyl-quinic and C
6-C
3 cinnamic acids. C
6-C
3 cinnamic acids, such as caffeic and ferulic acid, reached the highest blood concentrations (maximum plasma concentration [C
max] = 423 nM), with time to reach C
max (T
max) values ranging from 2.7 to 4.2 h. These compounds were excreted in urine in higher amounts than their phenylpropanoic acid derivatives (4% and 1% of intake, respectively), but both in a lower percentage than hydroxybenzene catabolites (11%). Data accounted for 16 and 18 main urinary and blood HCA metabolites, which were moderately bioavailable in humans (collectively 25%). Critical Issues: A relevant variability emerged. It was not possible to unequivocally assess the bioavailability of HCAs from each ingested source, and data from some plant based-foods were absent or inconsistent. Future Directions: A comprehensive study investigating the ADME of HCAs derived from their most important dietary sources is urgently required. Eight key metabolites were identified and reached interesting plasma C
max concentrations and urinary recoveries, opening up new perspectives to evaluate their bioactivity at physiological concentrations.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85168722959&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1089/ars.2023.0254
DO - 10.1089/ars.2023.0254
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37382416
SN - 1523-0864
JO - Antioxidants & redox signaling
JF - Antioxidants & redox signaling
ER -