TY - JOUR
T1 - ATP shows more potential as a urinary biomarker than acetylcholine and PGE2, but its concentration in urine is not a simple function of dilution
AU - McLatchie, Linda
AU - Sahai, Arun
AU - Caldwell, Anna
AU - Dasgupta, Prokar
AU - Fry, Chris
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Allergan for funding this project.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Neurourology and Urodynamics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/3
Y1 - 2021/3
N2 - Aims: To determine whether the amount of ATP, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and acetylcholine (ACh) in voided urine are influenced enough by that released within the lower urinary tract (LUT) for them to be useful biomarkers of bladder function. Methods: Participants without LUT symptoms collected total urine voids at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min (20 males/23 females) and 240 min (18 males/26 females) following the previous void. Aliquots of urine were immediately frozen at −20°C and later used to measure ATP (luciferin-luciferase), PGE2 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), ACh (mass spectrometry), creatinine (colorimetric), and lactose dehydrogenase (colorimetric). Results: The amount of ATP in voided urine correlated strongly with the rate of urine production, suggesting that the majority, if not all, the ATP in voided urine has an LUT, and likely bladder, origin. In contrast, there appeared to be no significant net LUTs release of creatinine or ACh into the urine. PGE2 was intermediate with an LUT component that increased with urine production rate and contributed about 25% of the total at 1 ml/min in women but a smaller fraction in men. Conclusion: Whereas the majority of the ATP measured within the voided urine originates in the LUT, ACh reflects that extracted from the plasma in the kidneys and PGE2 is a mixture of both sources. ATP has the most potential as a biomarker of benign bladder disorders. Expressing urinary ATP concentration relative to creatinine concentration is questioned in light of these results.
AB - Aims: To determine whether the amount of ATP, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and acetylcholine (ACh) in voided urine are influenced enough by that released within the lower urinary tract (LUT) for them to be useful biomarkers of bladder function. Methods: Participants without LUT symptoms collected total urine voids at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min (20 males/23 females) and 240 min (18 males/26 females) following the previous void. Aliquots of urine were immediately frozen at −20°C and later used to measure ATP (luciferin-luciferase), PGE2 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), ACh (mass spectrometry), creatinine (colorimetric), and lactose dehydrogenase (colorimetric). Results: The amount of ATP in voided urine correlated strongly with the rate of urine production, suggesting that the majority, if not all, the ATP in voided urine has an LUT, and likely bladder, origin. In contrast, there appeared to be no significant net LUTs release of creatinine or ACh into the urine. PGE2 was intermediate with an LUT component that increased with urine production rate and contributed about 25% of the total at 1 ml/min in women but a smaller fraction in men. Conclusion: Whereas the majority of the ATP measured within the voided urine originates in the LUT, ACh reflects that extracted from the plasma in the kidneys and PGE2 is a mixture of both sources. ATP has the most potential as a biomarker of benign bladder disorders. Expressing urinary ATP concentration relative to creatinine concentration is questioned in light of these results.
KW - creatinine
KW - lower urinary tract
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85100499754&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/nau.24620
DO - 10.1002/nau.24620
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85100499754
SN - 0733-2467
VL - 40
SP - 753
EP - 762
JO - Neurourology and Urodynamics
JF - Neurourology and Urodynamics
IS - 3
ER -