Biomarkers in Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Updated Review of the Literature

TY - JOUR

T1 - Biomarkers in Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy

T2 - An Updated Review of the Literature

AU - Crisci, Giulia

AU - Bobbio, Emanuele

AU - Gentile, Piero

AU - Bromage, Daniel I.

AU - Bollano, Entela

AU - Ferone, Emma

AU - Israr, Muhammad Zubair

AU - Heaney, Liam M.

AU - Polte, Christian L.

AU - Cannatà, Antonio

AU - Salzano, Andrea

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.

PY - 2023/12

Y1 - 2023/12

N2 - Myocarditis is a disease caused by cardiac inflammation that can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and eventually death. Several etiologies, including autoimmune, drug-induced, and infectious, lead to inflammation, which causes damage to the myocardium, followed by remodeling and fibrosis. Although there has been an increasing understanding of pathophysiology, early and accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment remain challenging due to the high heterogeneity. As a result, many patients have poor prognosis, with those surviving at risk of long-term sequelae. Current diagnostic methods, including imaging and endomyocardial biopsy, are, at times, expensive, invasive, and not always performed early enough to affect disease progression. Therefore, the identification of accurate, cost-effective, and prognostically informative biomarkers is critical for screening and treatment. The review then focuses on the biomarkers currently associated with these conditions, which have been extensively studied via blood tests and imaging techniques. The information within this review was retrieved through extensive literature research conducted on major publicly accessible databases and has been collated and revised by an international panel of experts. The biomarkers discussed in the article have shown great promise in clinical research studies and provide clinicians with essential tools for early diagnosis and improved outcomes.

AB - Myocarditis is a disease caused by cardiac inflammation that can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and eventually death. Several etiologies, including autoimmune, drug-induced, and infectious, lead to inflammation, which causes damage to the myocardium, followed by remodeling and fibrosis. Although there has been an increasing understanding of pathophysiology, early and accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment remain challenging due to the high heterogeneity. As a result, many patients have poor prognosis, with those surviving at risk of long-term sequelae. Current diagnostic methods, including imaging and endomyocardial biopsy, are, at times, expensive, invasive, and not always performed early enough to affect disease progression. Therefore, the identification of accurate, cost-effective, and prognostically informative biomarkers is critical for screening and treatment. The review then focuses on the biomarkers currently associated with these conditions, which have been extensively studied via blood tests and imaging techniques. The information within this review was retrieved through extensive literature research conducted on major publicly accessible databases and has been collated and revised by an international panel of experts. The biomarkers discussed in the article have shown great promise in clinical research studies and provide clinicians with essential tools for early diagnosis and improved outcomes.

KW - biomarkers

KW - cardiac sarcoidosis

KW - heart failure

KW - imaging

KW - inflammatory heart disease

KW - myocarditis

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85179335398

U2 - 10.3390/jcm12237214

DO - 10.3390/jcm12237214

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85179335398

SN - 2077-0383

VL - 12

JO - Journal of Clinical Medicine

JF - Journal of Clinical Medicine

IS - 23

M1 - 7214

ER -