Characterizing reward system neural trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood

IMAGEN consortiu

doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101042

Characterizing reward system neural trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood

IMAGEN consortiu

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

8 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Mixed findings exist in studies comparing brain responses to reward in adolescents and adults. Here we examined the trajectories of brain response, functional connectivity and task-modulated network properties during reward processing with a large-sample longitudinal design. Participants from the IMAGEN study performed a Monetary Incentive Delay task during fMRI at timepoint 1 (T1; n = 1304, mean age=14.44 years old) and timepoint 2 (T2; n = 1241, mean age=19.09 years). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administrated at both T1 and T2 to assess a participant's alcohol use during the past year. Voxel-wise linear mixed effect models were used to compare whole brain response as well as functional connectivity of the ventral striatum (VS) during reward anticipation (large reward vs no-reward cue) between T1 and T2. In addition, task-modulated networks were constructed using generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis and summarized with graph theory metrics. To explore alcohol use in relation to development, participants with no/low alcohol use at T1 but increased alcohol use to hazardous use level at T2 (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≥8 at T2) were compared against those with consistently low scores (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≤7 at T2). Across the whole sample, lower brain response during reward anticipation was observed at T2 compared with T1 in bilateral caudate nucleus, VS, thalamus, midbrain, dorsal anterior cingulate as well as left precentral and postcentral gyrus. Conversely, greater response was observed bilaterally in the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and right precentral and postcentral gyrus at T2 (vs. T1). Increased functional connectivity with VS was found in frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions at T2. Graph theory metrics of the task-modulated network showed higher inter-regional connectivity and topological efficiency at T2. Interactive effects between time (T1 vs. T2) and alcohol use group (low vs. high) on the functional connectivity were observed between left middle temporal gyrus and right VS and the characteristic shortest path length of the task-modulated networks. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of the MID task as a probe of typical brain response and network properties during development and of differences in these features related to adolescent drinking, a reward-related behaviour associated with heightened risk for future negative health outcomes.

Original language	English
Article number	101042
Journal	Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Volume	52
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101042
Publication status	Published - Dec 2021

Keywords

Adolescence
Monetary Incentive Delay task
Neural development
Reward system
Task-modulated network

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101042

Cite this

@article{3a0f97ce6cae47afb53523cda6b80491,

title = "Characterizing reward system neural trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood",

abstract = "Mixed findings exist in studies comparing brain responses to reward in adolescents and adults. Here we examined the trajectories of brain response, functional connectivity and task-modulated network properties during reward processing with a large-sample longitudinal design. Participants from the IMAGEN study performed a Monetary Incentive Delay task during fMRI at timepoint 1 (T1; n = 1304, mean age=14.44 years old) and timepoint 2 (T2; n = 1241, mean age=19.09 years). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administrated at both T1 and T2 to assess a participant's alcohol use during the past year. Voxel-wise linear mixed effect models were used to compare whole brain response as well as functional connectivity of the ventral striatum (VS) during reward anticipation (large reward vs no-reward cue) between T1 and T2. In addition, task-modulated networks were constructed using generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis and summarized with graph theory metrics. To explore alcohol use in relation to development, participants with no/low alcohol use at T1 but increased alcohol use to hazardous use level at T2 (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≥8 at T2) were compared against those with consistently low scores (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≤7 at T2). Across the whole sample, lower brain response during reward anticipation was observed at T2 compared with T1 in bilateral caudate nucleus, VS, thalamus, midbrain, dorsal anterior cingulate as well as left precentral and postcentral gyrus. Conversely, greater response was observed bilaterally in the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and right precentral and postcentral gyrus at T2 (vs. T1). Increased functional connectivity with VS was found in frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions at T2. Graph theory metrics of the task-modulated network showed higher inter-regional connectivity and topological efficiency at T2. Interactive effects between time (T1 vs. T2) and alcohol use group (low vs. high) on the functional connectivity were observed between left middle temporal gyrus and right VS and the characteristic shortest path length of the task-modulated networks. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of the MID task as a probe of typical brain response and network properties during development and of differences in these features related to adolescent drinking, a reward-related behaviour associated with heightened risk for future negative health outcomes.",

keywords = "Adolescence, Monetary Incentive Delay task, Neural development, Reward system, Task-modulated network",

author = "{IMAGEN consortiu} and Zhipeng Cao and Jonatan Ottino-Gonzalez and Cupertino, {Renata B.} and Anthony Juliano and Bader Chaarani and Tobias Banaschewski and Bokde, {Arun L.W.} and Quinlan, {Erin Burke} and Sylvane Desrivi{\`e}res and Herta Flor and Antoine Grigis and Penny Gowland and Andreas Heinz and R{\"u}diger Br{\"u}hl and Martinot, {Jean Luc} and Martinot, {Marie Laure Paill{\`e}re} and Eric Artiges and Frauke Nees and Orfanos, {Dimitri Papadopoulos} and Tom{\'a}{\v s} Paus and Luise Poustka and Sarah Hohmann and Sabina Millenet and Fr{\"o}hner, {Juliane H.} and Lauren Robinson and Smolka, {Michael N.} and Henrik Walter and Jeanne Winterer and Gunter Schumann and Robert Whelan and Scott Mackey and Hugh Garavan",

note = "Funding Information: This work received support from the following sources: the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grant R01DA047119 ; the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) ( LSHM-CT- 2007-037286 ), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant {\textquoteleft}STRATIFY{\textquoteright} (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), Human Brain Project ( HBP SGA 2 , 785907 , and HBP SGA 3 , 945539 ), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA{\textquoteright} (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) ( MR/N000390/1 ), the National Institute of Health (NIH) ( R01DA049238 , A decentralized macro and micro gene-by-environment interaction analysis of substance use behavior and its brain biomarkers; and R01MH085772, Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King{\textquoteright}s College London, the Bundesministeriumf{\"u}r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B; Forschungsnetz IMAC-Mind 01GL1745B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-2, SFB 940, TRR 265, NE 1383/14-1), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1 ), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded ENIGMA (grants 5U54EB020403-05 and 1R56AG058854-01 ). Further support was provided by grants from: - the ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004, AAPG2019 - GeBra), the Eranet Neuron ( AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA ; and ANR-18-NEUR00002-01 - ADORe ), the Fondation de France ( 00081242 ), the Fondation pour la Recherche M{\'e}dicale ( DPA20140629802 ), the Mission Interminist{\'e}rielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-H{\^o}pitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l{\textquoteright}Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the F{\'e}d{\'e}ration pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland ( 16/ERCD/3797 ), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence ; RO1 MH085772-01A1 ), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and King{\textquoteright}s College London (KCL). ImagenPathways {"}Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways{"} is a collaborative project supported by the European Research Area Network on Illicit Drugs (ERANID). This paper is based on independent research commissioned and funded in England by the National Institute for Health Research ( NIHR ) Policy Research Programme (project ref. PR-ST-0416-10001 ). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the national funding agencies or ERANID. Funding Information: This work received support from the following sources: the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grant R01DA047119; the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ?STRATIFY? (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907, and HBP SGA 3, 945539), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA? (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the National Institute of Health (NIH) (R01DA049238, A decentralized macro and micro gene-by-environment interaction analysis of substance use behavior and its brain biomarkers; and R01MH085772, Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministeriumf?r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B; Forschungsnetz IMAC-Mind 01GL1745B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-2, SFB 940, TRR 265, NE 1383/14-1), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded ENIGMA (grants 5U54EB020403-05 and 1R56AG058854-01). Further support was provided by grants from: - the ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004, AAPG2019 - GeBra), the Eranet Neuron (AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA; and ANR-18-NEUR00002-01 - ADORe), the Fondation de France (00081242), the Fondation pour la Recherche M?dicale (DPA20140629802), the Mission Interminist?rielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-H?pitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l'Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the F?d?ration pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and King's College London (KCL). ImagenPathways ?Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways? is a collaborative project supported by the European Research Area Network on Illicit Drugs (ERANID). This paper is based on independent research commissioned and funded in England by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme (project ref. PR-ST-0416-10001). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the national funding agencies or ERANID. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors",

year = "2021",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101042",

language = "English",

volume = "52",

journal = "Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience",

issn = "1878-9293",

publisher = "Elsevier BV",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Characterizing reward system neural trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood

AU - IMAGEN consortiu

AU - Cao, Zhipeng

AU - Ottino-Gonzalez, Jonatan

AU - Cupertino, Renata B.

AU - Juliano, Anthony

AU - Chaarani, Bader

AU - Banaschewski, Tobias

AU - Bokde, Arun L.W.

AU - Quinlan, Erin Burke

AU - Desrivières, Sylvane

AU - Flor, Herta

AU - Grigis, Antoine

AU - Gowland, Penny

AU - Heinz, Andreas

AU - Brühl, Rüdiger

AU - Martinot, Jean Luc

AU - Martinot, Marie Laure Paillère

AU - Artiges, Eric

AU - Nees, Frauke

AU - Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos

AU - Paus, Tomáš

AU - Poustka, Luise

AU - Hohmann, Sarah

AU - Millenet, Sabina

AU - Fröhner, Juliane H.

AU - Robinson, Lauren

AU - Smolka, Michael N.

AU - Walter, Henrik

AU - Winterer, Jeanne

AU - Schumann, Gunter

AU - Whelan, Robert

AU - Mackey, Scott

AU - Garavan, Hugh

N1 - Funding Information: This work received support from the following sources: the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grant R01DA047119 ; the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) ( LSHM-CT- 2007-037286 ), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ‘STRATIFY’ (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), Human Brain Project ( HBP SGA 2 , 785907 , and HBP SGA 3 , 945539 ), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA’ (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) ( MR/N000390/1 ), the National Institute of Health (NIH) ( R01DA049238 , A decentralized macro and micro gene-by-environment interaction analysis of substance use behavior and its brain biomarkers; and R01MH085772, Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B; Forschungsnetz IMAC-Mind 01GL1745B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-2, SFB 940, TRR 265, NE 1383/14-1), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1 ), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded ENIGMA (grants 5U54EB020403-05 and 1R56AG058854-01 ). Further support was provided by grants from: - the ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004, AAPG2019 - GeBra), the Eranet Neuron ( AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA ; and ANR-18-NEUR00002-01 - ADORe ), the Fondation de France ( 00081242 ), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale ( DPA20140629802 ), the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l’Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland ( 16/ERCD/3797 ), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence ; RO1 MH085772-01A1 ), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and King’s College London (KCL). ImagenPathways "Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways" is a collaborative project supported by the European Research Area Network on Illicit Drugs (ERANID). This paper is based on independent research commissioned and funded in England by the National Institute for Health Research ( NIHR ) Policy Research Programme (project ref. PR-ST-0416-10001 ). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the national funding agencies or ERANID. Funding Information: This work received support from the following sources: the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grant R01DA047119; the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ?STRATIFY? (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907, and HBP SGA 3, 945539), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA? (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the National Institute of Health (NIH) (R01DA049238, A decentralized macro and micro gene-by-environment interaction analysis of substance use behavior and its brain biomarkers; and R01MH085772, Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministeriumf?r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B; Forschungsnetz IMAC-Mind 01GL1745B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-2, SFB 940, TRR 265, NE 1383/14-1), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded ENIGMA (grants 5U54EB020403-05 and 1R56AG058854-01). Further support was provided by grants from: - the ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004, AAPG2019 - GeBra), the Eranet Neuron (AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA; and ANR-18-NEUR00002-01 - ADORe), the Fondation de France (00081242), the Fondation pour la Recherche M?dicale (DPA20140629802), the Mission Interminist?rielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-H?pitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l'Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the F?d?ration pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and King's College London (KCL). ImagenPathways ?Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways? is a collaborative project supported by the European Research Area Network on Illicit Drugs (ERANID). This paper is based on independent research commissioned and funded in England by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme (project ref. PR-ST-0416-10001). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the national funding agencies or ERANID. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors

PY - 2021/12

Y1 - 2021/12

N2 - Mixed findings exist in studies comparing brain responses to reward in adolescents and adults. Here we examined the trajectories of brain response, functional connectivity and task-modulated network properties during reward processing with a large-sample longitudinal design. Participants from the IMAGEN study performed a Monetary Incentive Delay task during fMRI at timepoint 1 (T1; n = 1304, mean age=14.44 years old) and timepoint 2 (T2; n = 1241, mean age=19.09 years). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administrated at both T1 and T2 to assess a participant's alcohol use during the past year. Voxel-wise linear mixed effect models were used to compare whole brain response as well as functional connectivity of the ventral striatum (VS) during reward anticipation (large reward vs no-reward cue) between T1 and T2. In addition, task-modulated networks were constructed using generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis and summarized with graph theory metrics. To explore alcohol use in relation to development, participants with no/low alcohol use at T1 but increased alcohol use to hazardous use level at T2 (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≥8 at T2) were compared against those with consistently low scores (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≤7 at T2). Across the whole sample, lower brain response during reward anticipation was observed at T2 compared with T1 in bilateral caudate nucleus, VS, thalamus, midbrain, dorsal anterior cingulate as well as left precentral and postcentral gyrus. Conversely, greater response was observed bilaterally in the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and right precentral and postcentral gyrus at T2 (vs. T1). Increased functional connectivity with VS was found in frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions at T2. Graph theory metrics of the task-modulated network showed higher inter-regional connectivity and topological efficiency at T2. Interactive effects between time (T1 vs. T2) and alcohol use group (low vs. high) on the functional connectivity were observed between left middle temporal gyrus and right VS and the characteristic shortest path length of the task-modulated networks. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of the MID task as a probe of typical brain response and network properties during development and of differences in these features related to adolescent drinking, a reward-related behaviour associated with heightened risk for future negative health outcomes.

AB - Mixed findings exist in studies comparing brain responses to reward in adolescents and adults. Here we examined the trajectories of brain response, functional connectivity and task-modulated network properties during reward processing with a large-sample longitudinal design. Participants from the IMAGEN study performed a Monetary Incentive Delay task during fMRI at timepoint 1 (T1; n = 1304, mean age=14.44 years old) and timepoint 2 (T2; n = 1241, mean age=19.09 years). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administrated at both T1 and T2 to assess a participant's alcohol use during the past year. Voxel-wise linear mixed effect models were used to compare whole brain response as well as functional connectivity of the ventral striatum (VS) during reward anticipation (large reward vs no-reward cue) between T1 and T2. In addition, task-modulated networks were constructed using generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis and summarized with graph theory metrics. To explore alcohol use in relation to development, participants with no/low alcohol use at T1 but increased alcohol use to hazardous use level at T2 (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≥8 at T2) were compared against those with consistently low scores (i.e., participants with AUDIT≤2 at T1 and ≤7 at T2). Across the whole sample, lower brain response during reward anticipation was observed at T2 compared with T1 in bilateral caudate nucleus, VS, thalamus, midbrain, dorsal anterior cingulate as well as left precentral and postcentral gyrus. Conversely, greater response was observed bilaterally in the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and right precentral and postcentral gyrus at T2 (vs. T1). Increased functional connectivity with VS was found in frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions at T2. Graph theory metrics of the task-modulated network showed higher inter-regional connectivity and topological efficiency at T2. Interactive effects between time (T1 vs. T2) and alcohol use group (low vs. high) on the functional connectivity were observed between left middle temporal gyrus and right VS and the characteristic shortest path length of the task-modulated networks. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of the MID task as a probe of typical brain response and network properties during development and of differences in these features related to adolescent drinking, a reward-related behaviour associated with heightened risk for future negative health outcomes.

KW - Adolescence

KW - Monetary Incentive Delay task

KW - Neural development

KW - Reward system

KW - Task-modulated network

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85121704789&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101042

DO - 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101042

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85121704789

SN - 1878-9293

VL - 52

JO - Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

JF - Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

M1 - 101042

ER -

Characterizing reward system neural trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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