@article{6fd12ecd34994be687ecb344d5ce0ab1,
title = "Empirical assessment of biases in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease: An umbrella review and re-analysis of data from meta-analyses",
abstract = "OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) is a leading cause of years lived with disability in older age, and several cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers have been proposed in individual meta-analyses to be associated with AD but field-wide evaluation and scrutiny of the literature is not available. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an umbrella review for the reported associations between CSF biomarkers and AD. Data from available meta-analyses were reanalyzed using both random and fixed effects models. We also estimated between-study heterogeneity, small-study effects, excess significance, and prediction interval. RESULTS: A total of 38 meta-analyses on CSF markers from 11 eligible articles were identified and reanalyzed. In 14 (36%) of the meta-analyses, the summary estimate and the results of the largest study showed non-concordant results in terms of statistical significance. Large heterogeneity (I2≥75%) was observed in 73% and small-study effects under Egger{\textquoteright}s test were shown in 28% of CSF biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is an excess of statistically significant results and significant biases in the literature of CSF biomarkers for AD. Therefore, the results of CSF biomarkers should be interpreted with caution.",
keywords = "Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, CSF biomarkers, Excess significance, Meta-analysis, Umbrella review",
author = "Jeong, {D. Y.} and J. Lee and Kim, {J. Y.} and Lee, {K. H.} and H. Li and Lee, {J. Y.} and Jeong, {G. H.} and S. Yoon and Park, {E. L.} and Hong, {S. H.} and Kang, {J. W.} and Song, {T. J.} and T. Leyhe and M. Eisenhut and A. Kronbichler and L. Smith and M. Solmi and B. Stubbs and A. Koyanagi and L. Jacob and A. Stickley and T. Thompson and E. Dragioti and H. Oh and Brunoni, {A. R.} and Carvalho, {A. F.} and Kim, {M. S.} and Yon, {D. K.} and Lee, {S. W.} and Yang, {J. M.} and Ghayda, {R. A.} and Shin, {J. I.} and P. Fusar-Poli",
note = "Funding Information: Brendon Stubbs is supported by a Clinical Lectureship (ICA-CL-2017-03-001) jointly funded by Health Education England (HEE) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). Brendon Stubbs is part funded by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Mauds-ley NHS Foundation Trust. This paper presents independent research supported by NIHR. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the (partner organization), the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Verduci Editore s.r.l. All rights reserved. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
doi = "10.26355/eurrev_202102_24862",
language = "English",
volume = "25",
pages = "1536--1547",
journal = "EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES",
issn = "1128-3602",
publisher = "Verduci Editore",
number = "3",
}