Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study

Luciane Ogata Perrenoud; Koki Fernando Oikawa; Anna Virginia Williams; Ronaldo Laranjeira; Benedikt Fischer; John Strang; Marcelo Ribeiro

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10769-x

Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study

Luciane Ogata Perrenoud^*, Koki Fernando Oikawa, Anna Virginia Williams, Ronaldo Laranjeira, Benedikt Fischer, John Strang, Marcelo Ribeiro

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. Results: Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 3.81, − 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = − 7.40, − 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 2.57, − 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. Conclusions: Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.

Original language	English
Article number	781
Journal	BMC Public Health
Volume	21
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10769-x
Publication status	Published - Dec 2021

Keywords

Age of onset
Crack-cocaine
Deviant behavior
Drug use
Parental monitoring
Risk and protective factors
Therapeutic communities

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1186/s12889-021-10769-x

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@article{b0d74f5ea04644c0a0772e2290192ca8,

title = "Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study",

abstract = "Background: Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. Results: Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 3.81, − 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = − 7.40, − 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 2.57, − 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. Conclusions: Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.",

keywords = "Age of onset, Crack-cocaine, Deviant behavior, Drug use, Parental monitoring, Risk and protective factors, Therapeutic communities",

author = "Perrenoud, {Luciane Ogata} and Oikawa, {Koki Fernando} and Williams, {Anna Virginia} and Ronaldo Laranjeira and Benedikt Fischer and John Strang and Marcelo Ribeiro",

note = "Funding Information: The 2012 survey was funded by CNPq (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) through a grant awarded to Ronaldo Ramos Laranjeira for the project entitled “Sociodemographic profile and natural history of crack-cocaine consumption among users of several Brazilian states.” Process number 402762/210–0 and Announcement 41/2010 – Line I. Total financial assistance of R$ 462,540.00. The project was executed at Federal University of S{\~a}o Paulo (CNPJ 60.453.032/0001–74). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",

year = "2021",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1186/s12889-021-10769-x",

language = "English",

volume = "21",

journal = "BMC Public Health",

issn = "1471-2458",

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T2 - a Brazilian multicenter study

AU - Perrenoud, Luciane Ogata

AU - Oikawa, Koki Fernando

AU - Williams, Anna Virginia

AU - Laranjeira, Ronaldo

AU - Fischer, Benedikt

AU - Strang, John

AU - Ribeiro, Marcelo

N1 - Funding Information: The 2012 survey was funded by CNPq (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) through a grant awarded to Ronaldo Ramos Laranjeira for the project entitled “Sociodemographic profile and natural history of crack-cocaine consumption among users of several Brazilian states.” Process number 402762/210–0 and Announcement 41/2010 – Line I. Total financial assistance of R$ 462,540.00. The project was executed at Federal University of São Paulo (CNPJ 60.453.032/0001–74). Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2021/12

Y1 - 2021/12

N2 - Background: Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. Results: Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 3.81, − 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = − 7.40, − 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 2.57, − 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. Conclusions: Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.

AB - Background: Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. Results: Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 3.81, − 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = − 7.40, − 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 2.57, − 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. Conclusions: Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.

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KW - Crack-cocaine

KW - Deviant behavior

KW - Drug use

KW - Parental monitoring

KW - Risk and protective factors

KW - Therapeutic communities

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VL - 21

JO - BMC Public Health

JF - BMC Public Health

IS - 1

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ER -

Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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