Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I Disorder

M Bauer; T Glenn; E D Achtyes; M Alda; E Agaoglu; K Altınbaş; O A Andreassen; E Angelopoulos; R Ardau; M Aydin; Y Ayhan; C Baethge; R Bauer; B T Baune; C Balaban; C Becerra-Palars; A P Behere; H Belete; T Belete; G Okawa Belizario; F Bellivier; R H Belmaker; F Benedetti; M Berk; Y Bersudsky; Ş Bicakci; H Birabwa-Oketcho; T D Bjella; C Brady; J Cabrera; M Cappucciati; A M Paredes Castro; W Chen; E Y W Cheung; S Chiesa; M Chanopoulou; M Crowe; A Cuomo; S Dallaspezia; P Desai; S Dodd; B Etain; A Fagiolini; F T Fellendorf; E Ferensztajn-Rochowiak; J G Fiedorowicz; K N Fountoulakis; M A Frye; P A Geoffroy; M J Gitlin; A Gonzalez-Pinto; J F Gottlieb; P Grof; B C M Haarman; H Harima; M Hasse-Sousa; C Henry; L Hoffding; J Houenou; M Imbesi; E T Isometsä; M Ivkovic; S Janno; S Johnsen; F Kapczinski; G N Karakatsoulis; M Kardell; L V Kessing; S J Kim; B König; T L Kot; M Koval; M Kunz; B Lafer; M Landén; E R Larsen; R W Licht; V M Ludwig; C Lopez-Jaramillo; A MacKenzie; H Østergaard Madsen; S Alberte Kongstad A Madsen; J Mahadevan; A Mahardika; K Mahfoudh; M Manchia; W Marsh; M Martinez-Cengotitabengoa; J Martini; K Martiny; Y Mashima; D M McLoughlin; A N R Meesters; Y Meesters; I Melle; F Meza-Urzúa; E Michaelis; P Mikolas; Y Ming Mok; S Monteith; M Moorthy; G Morken; E Mosca; A A Mozzhegorov; R Munoz; S V Mythri; R K Nadella; T Nakanotani; R Ernst Nielsen; C O'Donovan; A Omrani; Y Osher; U Ouali; M Pantovic-Stefanovic; P Pariwatcharakul; J Petite; A Pfennig; M Pilhatsch; Y Pica Ruiz; M Pinna; M Pompili; R Porter; D Quiroz; F Diego Rabelo-da-Ponte; R Ramesar; N Rasgon; W Ratta-Apha; M Redahan; M S Reddy; A Reif; E Z Reininghaus; J Gringer Richards; P Ritter; J K Rybakowski; L Sathyaputri; A M Scippa; C Simhandl; D Smith; J Smith; P W Stackhouse; D J Stein; K Stilwell; S Strejilevich; K-P Su; M Subramaniam; A Hatim Sulaiman; K Suominen; A J Tanra; Y Tatebayashi; W Lin Teh; L Tondo; C Torrent; D Tuinstra; T Uchida; A E Vaaler; E Vieta; B Viswanath; C Volf; K-J Yang; M Yoldi-Negrete; O Kaan Yalcinkaya; A H Young; Y Zgueb; P C Whybrow

doi:10.1111/acps.70075

Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I Disorder

M Bauer^*
, T Glenn
, E D Achtyes
, M Alda
, E Agaoglu
, K Altınbaş
, O A Andreassen
, E Angelopoulos
, R Ardau
, M Aydin
, Y Ayhan
, C Baethge
, R Bauer
, B T Baune
, C Balaban
, C Becerra-Palars
, A P Behere
, H Belete
, T Belete
, G Okawa Belizario

F Bellivier, R H Belmaker, F Benedetti, M Berk, Y Bersudsky, Ş Bicakci, H Birabwa-Oketcho, T D Bjella, C Brady, J Cabrera, M Cappucciati, A M Paredes Castro, W Chen, E Y W Cheung, S Chiesa, M Chanopoulou, M Crowe, A Cuomo, S Dallaspezia, P Desai, S Dodd, B Etain, A Fagiolini, F T Fellendorf, E Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, J G Fiedorowicz, K N Fountoulakis, M A Frye, P A Geoffroy, M J Gitlin, A Gonzalez-Pinto, J F Gottlieb, P Grof, B C M Haarman, H Harima, M Hasse-Sousa, C Henry, L Hoffding, J Houenou, M Imbesi, E T Isometsä, M Ivkovic, S Janno, S Johnsen, F Kapczinski, G N Karakatsoulis, M Kardell, L V Kessing, S J Kim, B König, T L Kot, M Koval, M Kunz, B Lafer, M Landén, E R Larsen, R W Licht, V M Ludwig, C Lopez-Jaramillo, A MacKenzie, H Østergaard Madsen, S Alberte Kongstad A Madsen, J Mahadevan, A Mahardika, K Mahfoudh, M Manchia, W Marsh, M Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, J Martini, K Martiny, Y Mashima, D M McLoughlin, A N R Meesters, Y Meesters, I Melle, F Meza-Urzúa, E Michaelis, P Mikolas, Y Ming Mok, S Monteith, M Moorthy, G Morken, E Mosca, A A Mozzhegorov, R Munoz, S V Mythri, R K Nadella, T Nakanotani, R Ernst Nielsen, C O'Donovan, A Omrani, Y Osher, U Ouali, M Pantovic-Stefanovic, P Pariwatcharakul, J Petite, A Pfennig, M Pilhatsch, Y Pica Ruiz, M Pinna, M Pompili, R Porter, D Quiroz, F Diego Rabelo-da-Ponte, R Ramesar, N Rasgon, W Ratta-Apha, M Redahan, M S Reddy, A Reif, E Z Reininghaus, J Gringer Richards, P Ritter, J K Rybakowski, L Sathyaputri, A M Scippa, C Simhandl, D Smith, J Smith, P W Stackhouse, D J Stein, K Stilwell, S Strejilevich, K-P Su, M Subramaniam, A Hatim Sulaiman, K Suominen, A J Tanra, Y Tatebayashi, W Lin Teh, L Tondo, C Torrent, D Tuinstra, T Uchida, A E Vaaler, E Vieta, B Viswanath, C Volf, K-J Yang, M Yoldi-Negrete, O Kaan Yalcinkaya, A H Young, Y Zgueb, P C Whybrow

^*Corresponding author for this work

TU Dresden
c ChronoRecord Association , Fullerton , CA , USA.
Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine
Dalhousie University
Department of Pediatric Oncology Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute
Atlas University
University of Oslo
National and Capodistrian University of Athens
University of Cagliari
Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine
University of Cologne
University of Münster
University Hospital
National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz
Michigan State University
Bahir Dar University
Medical School of the University of São Paulo
Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
Deakin University
Butabika Hospital
St Patrick's University Hospital
Dr. Jose Horwitz Psychiatric Institute
WHO World Health Organization
Veterans General Hospital-Taichung Taiwan
Private Practice
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
University of Otago
University of Siena School of Medicine
IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele
Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
Medical University of Graz
Poznan University of Medical Sciences
University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Mayo Clinic Depression Center
Département de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie
University of California, Los Angeles
University of the Basque Country
Northwestern University
University of Toronto
University of Groningen
Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital
Department of Psychiatry
University of Southern Denmark
Mondor Univ Hospitals
Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center and University of Helsinki
University Clinical Centre of Serbia
University of Tartu
Aalborg University Hospital
University of Gothenburg
Psychiatric Center Copenhagen
Chosun University School of Medicine
Bipolar Zentrum Wiener Neustadt
Khanty-Mansiysk Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital
Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia.
University of Glasgow
Copenhagen University Hospitals
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Mataram University
University of Tunis El Manar
University of Massachusetts Medical School
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Basque Sustainable Pharmacy and Biotherapy Research Group
Keio University
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
Institute of Mental Health
Cherry Health and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
St Olav s University Hospital
Soviet Psychoneurological Hospital
University of California San Diego
Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital
Northern Hospital
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
Tunisian Bipolar Forum
Mahidol University
Hospital Angeles Pedregal
Sapienza University of Rome
School of Medicine
University of Central Lancashire
University of Cape Town
Stanford University School of Medicine
Asha Hospital
University of Iowa
Federal University of Bahia
University of Edinburgh
Oncology Area
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center
China Medical University (CMU)
University of Malaya
Mutual Insurance Company Ilmarinen
Hasanuddin University
Harvard Medical School
Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
BioAraba Health Research Institute
Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro)
Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz
Department of Psychological Medicine
Psychology and Neuroscience
King's College London

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Sunlight has profound impacts on physical and mental health, beyond vision, including effects on circadian rhythms, alertness, mood, and sleep. A family history of any mood disorders is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between a family history of any mood disorder in patients with bipolar I disorder and solar insolation at varied international onset locations.

METHODS: Data for this analysis were available from 5842 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder obtained at 83 collection sites in both hemispheres. This included 4752 patients from 71 collection sites in the northern hemisphere and 1090 patients from 12 collection sites in the southern hemisphere. Patient data variables were obtained from records or interviews. Solar insolation data were obtained from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Power database for each onset location, and the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation was calculated. Typically, the ratio is largest near the equator (little yearly change in solar insolation) and smallest near the poles (large yearly change in solar insolation).

RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between a family history of any mood disorder, the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation, and gender. The odds of a family history of mood disorder increased as patient location nears the poles and decreased near the equator. Female gender also increased the odds of having a family history of a mood disorder.

CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the association between family history, solar insolation, and gender in international patients with bipolar I disorder. Given the profound effects of sunlight on human health, the family of patients with bipolar disorder who live in the same location with the same solar insolation, and especially females, may be at increased risk for a mood disorder.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	270-278
Number of pages	9
Journal	Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Volume	153
Issue number	4
Early online date	24 Feb 2026
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70075
Publication status	Published - Apr 2026

Keywords

Humans
Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology
Male
Female
Sunlight/adverse effects
Adult
Middle Aged

Access to Document

10.1111/acps.70075Licence: CC BY

Acta Psychiatr Scand - 2026 - Bauer - Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I DisorderFinal published version, 370 KBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Achtyes, E. D., Alda, M., Agaoglu, E., Altınbaş, K., Andreassen, O. A., Angelopoulos, E., Ardau, R., Aydin, M., Ayhan, Y., Baethge, C., Bauer, R., Baune, B. T., Balaban, C., Becerra-Palars, C., Behere, A. P., Belete, H., Belete, T., ... Whybrow, P. C. (2026). Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I Disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 153(4), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70075

@article{09eded5a34854bcf87c1ab0a860b040d,

title = "Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I Disorder",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: Sunlight has profound impacts on physical and mental health, beyond vision, including effects on circadian rhythms, alertness, mood, and sleep. A family history of any mood disorders is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between a family history of any mood disorder in patients with bipolar I disorder and solar insolation at varied international onset locations.METHODS: Data for this analysis were available from 5842 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder obtained at 83 collection sites in both hemispheres. This included 4752 patients from 71 collection sites in the northern hemisphere and 1090 patients from 12 collection sites in the southern hemisphere. Patient data variables were obtained from records or interviews. Solar insolation data were obtained from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Power database for each onset location, and the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation was calculated. Typically, the ratio is largest near the equator (little yearly change in solar insolation) and smallest near the poles (large yearly change in solar insolation).RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between a family history of any mood disorder, the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation, and gender. The odds of a family history of mood disorder increased as patient location nears the poles and decreased near the equator. Female gender also increased the odds of having a family history of a mood disorder.CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the association between family history, solar insolation, and gender in international patients with bipolar I disorder. Given the profound effects of sunlight on human health, the family of patients with bipolar disorder who live in the same location with the same solar insolation, and especially females, may be at increased risk for a mood disorder.",

keywords = "Humans, Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology, Male, Female, Sunlight/adverse effects, Adult, Middle Aged",

author = "M Bauer and T Glenn and Achtyes, \{E D\} and M Alda and E Agaoglu and K Altınba{\c s} and Andreassen, \{O A\} and E Angelopoulos and R Ardau and M Aydin and Y Ayhan and C Baethge and R Bauer and Baune, \{B T\} and C Balaban and C Becerra-Palars and Behere, \{A P\} and H Belete and T Belete and Belizario, \{G Okawa\} and F Bellivier and Belmaker, \{R H\} and F Benedetti and M Berk and Y Bersudsky and {\c S} Bicakci and H Birabwa-Oketcho and Bjella, \{T D\} and C Brady and J Cabrera and M Cappucciati and Castro, \{A M Paredes\} and W Chen and Cheung, \{E Y W\} and S Chiesa and M Chanopoulou and M Crowe and A Cuomo and S Dallaspezia and P Desai and S Dodd and B Etain and A Fagiolini and Fellendorf, \{F T\} and E Ferensztajn-Rochowiak and Fiedorowicz, \{J G\} and Fountoulakis, \{K N\} and Frye, \{M A\} and Geoffroy, \{P A\} and Gitlin, \{M J\} and A Gonzalez-Pinto and Gottlieb, \{J F\} and P Grof and Haarman, \{B C M\} and H Harima and M Hasse-Sousa and C Henry and L Hoffding and J Houenou and M Imbesi and Isomets{\"a}, \{E T\} and M Ivkovic and S Janno and S Johnsen and F Kapczinski and Karakatsoulis, \{G N\} and M Kardell and Kessing, \{L V\} and Kim, \{S J\} and B K{\"o}nig and Kot, \{T L\} and M Koval and M Kunz and B Lafer and M Land{\'e}n and Larsen, \{E R\} and Licht, \{R W\} and Ludwig, \{V M\} and C Lopez-Jaramillo and A MacKenzie and Madsen, \{H {\O}stergaard\} and Madsen, \{S Alberte Kongstad A\} and J Mahadevan and A Mahardika and K Mahfoudh and M Manchia and W Marsh and M Martinez-Cengotitabengoa and J Martini and K Martiny and Y Mashima and McLoughlin, \{D M\} and Meesters, \{A N R\} and Y Meesters and I Melle and F Meza-Urz{\'u}a and E Michaelis and P Mikolas and Mok, \{Y Ming\} and S Monteith and M Moorthy and G Morken and E Mosca and Mozzhegorov, \{A A\} and R Munoz and Mythri, \{S V\} and Nadella, \{R K\} and T Nakanotani and Nielsen, \{R Ernst\} and C O'Donovan and A Omrani and Y Osher and U Ouali and M Pantovic-Stefanovic and P Pariwatcharakul and J Petite and A Pfennig and M Pilhatsch and Ruiz, \{Y Pica\} and M Pinna and M Pompili and R Porter and D Quiroz and Rabelo-da-Ponte, \{F Diego\} and R Ramesar and N Rasgon and W Ratta-Apha and M Redahan and Reddy, \{M S\} and A Reif and Reininghaus, \{E Z\} and Richards, \{J Gringer\} and P Ritter and Rybakowski, \{J K\} and L Sathyaputri and Scippa, \{A M\} and C Simhandl and D Smith and J Smith and Stackhouse, \{P W\} and Stein, \{D J\} and K Stilwell and S Strejilevich and K-P Su and M Subramaniam and Sulaiman, \{A Hatim\} and K Suominen and Tanra, \{A J\} and Y Tatebayashi and Teh, \{W Lin\} and L Tondo and C Torrent and D Tuinstra and T Uchida and Vaaler, \{A E\} and E Vieta and B Viswanath and C Volf and K-J Yang and M Yoldi-Negrete and Yalcinkaya, \{O Kaan\} and Young, \{A H\} and Y Zgueb and Whybrow, \{P C\}",

note = "{\textcopyright} 2026 The Author(s). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.",

year = "2026",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1111/acps.70075",

language = "English",

volume = "153",

pages = "270--278",

journal = "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica",

issn = "0001-690X",

publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc.",

number = "4",

}

Bauer, M, Glenn, T, Achtyes, ED, Alda, M, Agaoglu, E, Altınbaş, K, Andreassen, OA, Angelopoulos, E, Ardau, R, Aydin, M, Ayhan, Y, Baethge, C, Bauer, R, Baune, BT, Balaban, C, Becerra-Palars, C, Behere, AP, Belete, H, Belete, T, Belizario, GO, Bellivier, F, Belmaker, RH, Benedetti, F, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bicakci, Ş, Birabwa-Oketcho, H, Bjella, TD, Brady, C, Cabrera, J, Cappucciati, M, Castro, AMP, Chen, W, Cheung, EYW, Chiesa, S, Chanopoulou, M, Crowe, M, Cuomo, A, Dallaspezia, S, Desai, P, Dodd, S, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Fellendorf, FT, Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, E, Fiedorowicz, JG, Fountoulakis, KN, Frye, MA, Geoffroy, PA, Gitlin, MJ, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Gottlieb, JF, Grof, P, Haarman, BCM, Harima, H, Hasse-Sousa, M, Henry, C, Hoffding, L, Houenou, J, Imbesi, M, Isometsä, ET, Ivkovic, M, Janno, S, Johnsen, S, Kapczinski, F, Karakatsoulis, GN, Kardell, M, Kessing, LV, Kim, SJ, König, B, Kot, TL, Koval, M, Kunz, M, Lafer, B, Landén, M, Larsen, ER, Licht, RW, Ludwig, VM, Lopez-Jaramillo, C, MacKenzie, A, Madsen, HØ, Madsen, SAKA, Mahadevan, J, Mahardika, A, Mahfoudh, K, Manchia, M, Marsh, W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Martini, J, Martiny, K, Mashima, Y, McLoughlin, DM, Meesters, ANR, Meesters, Y, Melle, I, Meza-Urzúa, F, Michaelis, E, Mikolas, P, Mok, YM, Monteith, S, Moorthy, M, Morken, G, Mosca, E, Mozzhegorov, AA, Munoz, R, Mythri, SV, Nadella, RK, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Omrani, A, Osher, Y, Ouali, U, Pantovic-Stefanovic, M, Pariwatcharakul, P, Petite, J, Pfennig, A, Pilhatsch, M, Ruiz, YP, Pinna, M, Pompili, M, Porter, R, Quiroz, D, Rabelo-da-Ponte, FD, Ramesar, R, Rasgon, N, Ratta-Apha, W, Redahan, M, Reddy, MS, Reif, A, Reininghaus, EZ, Richards, JG, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sathyaputri, L, Scippa, AM, Simhandl, C, Smith, D, Smith, J, Stackhouse, PW, Stein, DJ, Stilwell, K, Strejilevich, S, Su, K-P, Subramaniam, M, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Tanra, AJ, Tatebayashi, Y, Teh, WL, Tondo, L, Torrent, C, Tuinstra, D, Uchida, T, Vaaler, AE, Vieta, E, Viswanath, B, Volf, C, Yang, K-J, Yoldi-Negrete, M, Yalcinkaya, OK, Young, AH, Zgueb, Y & Whybrow, PC 2026, 'Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I Disorder', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 270-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70075

TY - JOUR

T1 - Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I Disorder

AU - Bauer, M

AU - Glenn, T

AU - Achtyes, E D

AU - Alda, M

AU - Agaoglu, E

AU - Altınbaş, K

AU - Andreassen, O A

AU - Angelopoulos, E

AU - Ardau, R

AU - Aydin, M

AU - Ayhan, Y

AU - Baethge, C

AU - Bauer, R

AU - Baune, B T

AU - Balaban, C

AU - Becerra-Palars, C

AU - Behere, A P

AU - Belete, H

AU - Belete, T

AU - Belizario, G Okawa

AU - Bellivier, F

AU - Belmaker, R H

AU - Benedetti, F

AU - Berk, M

AU - Bersudsky, Y

AU - Bicakci, Ş

AU - Birabwa-Oketcho, H

AU - Bjella, T D

AU - Brady, C

AU - Cabrera, J

AU - Cappucciati, M

AU - Castro, A M Paredes

AU - Chen, W

AU - Cheung, E Y W

AU - Chiesa, S

AU - Chanopoulou, M

AU - Crowe, M

AU - Cuomo, A

AU - Dallaspezia, S

AU - Desai, P

AU - Dodd, S

AU - Etain, B

AU - Fagiolini, A

AU - Fellendorf, F T

AU - Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, E

AU - Fiedorowicz, J G

AU - Fountoulakis, K N

AU - Frye, M A

AU - Geoffroy, P A

AU - Gitlin, M J

AU - Gonzalez-Pinto, A

AU - Gottlieb, J F

AU - Grof, P

AU - Haarman, B C M

AU - Harima, H

AU - Hasse-Sousa, M

AU - Henry, C

AU - Hoffding, L

AU - Houenou, J

AU - Imbesi, M

AU - Isometsä, E T

AU - Ivkovic, M

AU - Janno, S

AU - Johnsen, S

AU - Kapczinski, F

AU - Karakatsoulis, G N

AU - Kardell, M

AU - Kessing, L V

AU - Kim, S J

AU - König, B

AU - Kot, T L

AU - Koval, M

AU - Kunz, M

AU - Lafer, B

AU - Landén, M

AU - Larsen, E R

AU - Licht, R W

AU - Ludwig, V M

AU - Lopez-Jaramillo, C

AU - MacKenzie, A

AU - Madsen, H Østergaard

AU - Madsen, S Alberte Kongstad A

AU - Mahadevan, J

AU - Mahardika, A

AU - Mahfoudh, K

AU - Manchia, M

AU - Marsh, W

AU - Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M

AU - Martini, J

AU - Martiny, K

AU - Mashima, Y

AU - McLoughlin, D M

AU - Meesters, A N R

AU - Meesters, Y

AU - Melle, I

AU - Meza-Urzúa, F

AU - Michaelis, E

AU - Mikolas, P

AU - Mok, Y Ming

AU - Monteith, S

AU - Moorthy, M

AU - Morken, G

AU - Mosca, E

AU - Mozzhegorov, A A

AU - Munoz, R

AU - Mythri, S V

AU - Nadella, R K

AU - Nakanotani, T

AU - Nielsen, R Ernst

AU - O'Donovan, C

AU - Omrani, A

AU - Osher, Y

AU - Ouali, U

AU - Pantovic-Stefanovic, M

AU - Pariwatcharakul, P

AU - Petite, J

AU - Pfennig, A

AU - Pilhatsch, M

AU - Ruiz, Y Pica

AU - Pinna, M

AU - Pompili, M

AU - Porter, R

AU - Quiroz, D

AU - Rabelo-da-Ponte, F Diego

AU - Ramesar, R

AU - Rasgon, N

AU - Ratta-Apha, W

AU - Redahan, M

AU - Reddy, M S

AU - Reif, A

AU - Reininghaus, E Z

AU - Richards, J Gringer

AU - Ritter, P

AU - Rybakowski, J K

AU - Sathyaputri, L

AU - Scippa, A M

AU - Simhandl, C

AU - Smith, D

AU - Smith, J

AU - Stackhouse, P W

AU - Stein, D J

AU - Stilwell, K

AU - Strejilevich, S

AU - Su, K-P

AU - Subramaniam, M

AU - Sulaiman, A Hatim

AU - Suominen, K

AU - Tanra, A J

AU - Tatebayashi, Y

AU - Teh, W Lin

AU - Tondo, L

AU - Torrent, C

AU - Tuinstra, D

AU - Uchida, T

AU - Vaaler, A E

AU - Vieta, E

AU - Viswanath, B

AU - Volf, C

AU - Yang, K-J

AU - Yoldi-Negrete, M

AU - Yalcinkaya, O Kaan

AU - Young, A H

AU - Zgueb, Y

AU - Whybrow, P C

PY - 2026/4

Y1 - 2026/4

N2 - BACKGROUND: Sunlight has profound impacts on physical and mental health, beyond vision, including effects on circadian rhythms, alertness, mood, and sleep. A family history of any mood disorders is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between a family history of any mood disorder in patients with bipolar I disorder and solar insolation at varied international onset locations.METHODS: Data for this analysis were available from 5842 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder obtained at 83 collection sites in both hemispheres. This included 4752 patients from 71 collection sites in the northern hemisphere and 1090 patients from 12 collection sites in the southern hemisphere. Patient data variables were obtained from records or interviews. Solar insolation data were obtained from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Power database for each onset location, and the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation was calculated. Typically, the ratio is largest near the equator (little yearly change in solar insolation) and smallest near the poles (large yearly change in solar insolation).RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between a family history of any mood disorder, the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation, and gender. The odds of a family history of mood disorder increased as patient location nears the poles and decreased near the equator. Female gender also increased the odds of having a family history of a mood disorder.CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the association between family history, solar insolation, and gender in international patients with bipolar I disorder. Given the profound effects of sunlight on human health, the family of patients with bipolar disorder who live in the same location with the same solar insolation, and especially females, may be at increased risk for a mood disorder.

AB - BACKGROUND: Sunlight has profound impacts on physical and mental health, beyond vision, including effects on circadian rhythms, alertness, mood, and sleep. A family history of any mood disorders is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between a family history of any mood disorder in patients with bipolar I disorder and solar insolation at varied international onset locations.METHODS: Data for this analysis were available from 5842 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder obtained at 83 collection sites in both hemispheres. This included 4752 patients from 71 collection sites in the northern hemisphere and 1090 patients from 12 collection sites in the southern hemisphere. Patient data variables were obtained from records or interviews. Solar insolation data were obtained from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Power database for each onset location, and the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation was calculated. Typically, the ratio is largest near the equator (little yearly change in solar insolation) and smallest near the poles (large yearly change in solar insolation).RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between a family history of any mood disorder, the ratio of the mean monthly minimum/mean monthly maximum solar insolation, and gender. The odds of a family history of mood disorder increased as patient location nears the poles and decreased near the equator. Female gender also increased the odds of having a family history of a mood disorder.CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the association between family history, solar insolation, and gender in international patients with bipolar I disorder. Given the profound effects of sunlight on human health, the family of patients with bipolar disorder who live in the same location with the same solar insolation, and especially females, may be at increased risk for a mood disorder.

KW - Humans

KW - Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology

KW - Male

KW - Female

KW - Sunlight/adverse effects

KW - Adult

KW - Middle Aged

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105031811696

U2 - 10.1111/acps.70075

DO - 10.1111/acps.70075

M3 - Article

C2 - 41734899

SN - 0001-690X

VL - 153

SP - 270

EP - 278

JO - Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

JF - Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

IS - 4

ER -

Family History and Solar Insolation in Bipolar I Disorder

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