Generating Job Recommendations for People with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Using Gemini 2.0 Flash and Claude Sonnet 4: An Exploratory Analysis

TY - JOUR

T1 - Generating Job Recommendations for People with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Using Gemini 2.0 Flash and Claude Sonnet 4: An Exploratory Analysis

AU - Lange, Max

AU - Koutsouleris, Nikolaos

AU - Carter, Ben

AU - Twumasi, Ricardo

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2026 The Author(s). Healthcare Technology Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

PY - 2026/2/11

Y1 - 2026/2/11

N2 - Employment is a crucial part of recovery for individuals with severe mental illness. Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is the gold standard for vocational rehabilitation, yet IPS reaches only a fraction of who could benefit. Large Language Models (LLMs) have been proposed as potential tools for vocational guidance, but their utility for vulnerable populations is unknown. We conducted an analysis of LLM-generated job recommendations for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and for a matched control cohort without psychiatric diagnoses. We used discharge summaries from 450 patients with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder and 50 control cases in the MIMIC-IV database, fitting three independent job recommendations per case with Gemini 2.0 Flash and Claude Sonnet 4. Recommendations were summarised as a frequency and LLM-automated content analysis was used to analyse reasoning patterns, workplace accommodations, and alignment with supported employment principles. Both, Gemini and Claude, showed little diversity and strong bias toward entry-level roles. In the schizophrenia cohort, Gemini mostly recommended data entry and other clerical jobs while Claude produced a similarly narrow pattern with the majority suggesting library-related. The controls revealed comparable clustering, with Gemini defaulting to clerical work and medical secretary roles, and Claude to customer service. There was limited diversity in the role settings, which almost uniformly suggested flexible schedules and minimal social interaction. Nor was there diversity in how roles were tailored to patient strengths, qualifications, or prior experience; instead, demographic stereotypes such as age-based framing, gendered role allocation, and assumptions about language skills often shaped the recommendations. Based on our data and procedures, preliminary evidence does not support immediate deployment of LLMs for job recommendations for the tested population; further evaluation is needed after integrating human oversight and bias-mitigation steps.

AB - Employment is a crucial part of recovery for individuals with severe mental illness. Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is the gold standard for vocational rehabilitation, yet IPS reaches only a fraction of who could benefit. Large Language Models (LLMs) have been proposed as potential tools for vocational guidance, but their utility for vulnerable populations is unknown. We conducted an analysis of LLM-generated job recommendations for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and for a matched control cohort without psychiatric diagnoses. We used discharge summaries from 450 patients with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder and 50 control cases in the MIMIC-IV database, fitting three independent job recommendations per case with Gemini 2.0 Flash and Claude Sonnet 4. Recommendations were summarised as a frequency and LLM-automated content analysis was used to analyse reasoning patterns, workplace accommodations, and alignment with supported employment principles. Both, Gemini and Claude, showed little diversity and strong bias toward entry-level roles. In the schizophrenia cohort, Gemini mostly recommended data entry and other clerical jobs while Claude produced a similarly narrow pattern with the majority suggesting library-related. The controls revealed comparable clustering, with Gemini defaulting to clerical work and medical secretary roles, and Claude to customer service. There was limited diversity in the role settings, which almost uniformly suggested flexible schedules and minimal social interaction. Nor was there diversity in how roles were tailored to patient strengths, qualifications, or prior experience; instead, demographic stereotypes such as age-based framing, gendered role allocation, and assumptions about language skills often shaped the recommendations. Based on our data and procedures, preliminary evidence does not support immediate deployment of LLMs for job recommendations for the tested population; further evaluation is needed after integrating human oversight and bias-mitigation steps.

KW - patient rehabilitation

KW - patient treatment

KW - personnel

KW - web services

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105029726296

U2 - 10.1049/htl2.70058

DO - 10.1049/htl2.70058

M3 - Article

SN - 2053-3713

VL - 13

JO - Healthcare Technology Letters

JF - Healthcare Technology Letters

IS - 1

M1 - e70058

ER -