Abstract
Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Article number | e2026733119 |
Pages (from-to) | e2026733119 |
Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 119 |
Issue number | 25 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 21 Jun 2022 |
Keywords
- biodiversity
- conservation frameworks
- land use
- protected areas
- tree species
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 119, No. 25, e2026733119, 21.06.2022, p. e2026733119.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure
AU - Guo, Wen Yong
AU - Serra-Diaz, Josep M.
AU - Schrodt, Franziska
AU - Eiserhardt, Wolf L.
AU - Maitner, Brian S.
AU - Merow, Cory
AU - Violle, Cyrille
AU - Anand, Madhur
AU - Belluau, Michaël
AU - Bruun, Hans Henrik
AU - Byun, Chaeho
AU - Catford, Jane A.
AU - Cerabolini, Bruno E.L.
AU - Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo
AU - Ciccarelli, Daniela
AU - Cornelissen, J. Hans C.
AU - Dang-Le, Anh Tuan
AU - de Frutos, Angel
AU - Dias, Arildo S.
AU - Giroldo, Aelton B.
AU - Guo, Kun
AU - Gutiérrez, Alvaro G.
AU - Hattingh, Wesley
AU - He, Tianhua
AU - Hietz, Peter
AU - Hough-Snee, Nate
AU - Jansen, Steven
AU - Kattge, Jens
AU - Klein, Tamir
AU - Komac, Benjamin
AU - Kraft, Nathan J.B.
AU - Kramer, Koen
AU - Lavorel, Sandra
AU - Lusk, Christopher H.
AU - Martin, Adam R.
AU - Mencuccini, Maurizio
AU - Michaletz, Sean T.
AU - Minden, Vanessa
AU - Mori, Akira S.
AU - Niinemets, Ülo
AU - Onoda, Yusuke
AU - Peñuelas, Josep
AU - Pillar, Valério D.
AU - Pisek, Jan
AU - Robroek, Bjorn J.M.
AU - Schamp, Brandon
AU - Slot, Martijn
AU - Sosinski, Ênio Egon
AU - Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A.
AU - Thiffault, Nelson
AU - van Bodegom, Peter
AU - van der Plas, Fons
AU - Wright, Ian J.
AU - Xu, Wu Bing
AU - Zheng, Jingming
AU - Enquist, Brian J.
AU - Svenning, Jens Christian
N1 - Funding Information: AK, AKPM, ALCB, ALTA, ALU, AMD, AMES, AMNH, AMO, ANGU, ANSM, ANSP, AQP, ARAN, ARIZ, AS, ASDM, ASU, AUT, AV, AWH, B, BA, BAA, BAB, BABY, BACP, BAF, BAFC, BAI, BAJ, BAL, BARC, BAS, BBB, BBS, BC, BCMEX, BCN, BCRU, BEREA, BESA, BG, BH, BHCB, BIO, BISH, BLA, BM, BOCH, BOL, BOLV, BONN, BOON, BOTU, BOUM, BPI, BR, BREM, BRI, BRIT, BRLU, BRM, BSB, BUT, C, CALI, CAN, CANB, CANU, CAS, CATA, CATIE, CAY, CBM, CDA, CDBI, CEN, CEPEC, CESJ, CGE, CGMS, CHAM, CHAPA, CHAS, CHR, CHSC, CIB, CICY, CIIDIR, CIMI, CINC, CLEMS, CLF, CMM, CMMEX, CNPO, CNS, COA, COAH, COCA, CODAGEM, COFC, COL, COLO, CONC, CORD, CP, CPAP, CPUN, CR, CRAI, CRP, CS, CSU, CSUSB, CTES, CTESN, CU, CUVC, CUZ, CVRD, DAO, DAV, DBG, DBN, DES, DLF, DNA, DPU, DR, DS, DSM, DUKE, DUSS, E, EA, EAC, EAN, EBUM, ECON, EIF, EIU, EMMA, ENCB, ER, ERA, ESA, ETH, F, FAA, FAU, FAUC, FB, FCME, FCO, FCQ, FEN, FHO, FI, FLAS, FLOR, FM, FR, FRU, FSU, FTG, FUEL, FULD, FURB, G, GAT, GB, GDA, GENT, GES, GH, GI, GLM, GMDRC, GMNHJ, GOET, GRA, GUA, GZU, H, HA, HAC, HAL, HAM, HAMAB, HAO, HAS, HASU, HB, HBG, HBR, HCIB, HEID, HGM, HIB, HIP, HNT, HO, HPL, HRCB, HRP, HSC, HSS, HU, HUA, HUAA, HUAL, HUAZ, HUCP, HUEFS, HUEM, HUFU, HUJ, HUSA, HUT, HXBH, HYO, IAA, IAC, IAN, IB, IBGE, IBK, IBSC, IBUG, ICEL, ICESI, ICN, IEA, IEB, ILL, ILLS, IMSSM, INB, INEGI, INIF, INM, INPA, IPA, IPRN, IRVC, ISC, ISKW, ISL, ISTC, ISU, IZAC, IZTA, JACA, JBAG, JBGP, JCT, JE, JEPS, JOTR, JROH, JUA, JYV, K, KIEL, KMN, KMNH, KOELN, KOR, KPM, KSC, KSTC, KSU, KTU, KU, KUN, KYO, L, LA, LAGU, LBG, LD, LE, LEB, LIL, LINC, LINN, LISE, LISI, LISU, LL, LMS, LOJA, LOMA, LP, LPAG, LPB, LPD, LPS, LSU, LSUM, LTB, LTR, LW, LYJB, LZ, M, MA, MACF, MAF, MAK, MARS, MARY, MASS, MB, MBK, MBM, MBML, MCNS, MEL, MELU, MEN, MERL, MEXU, MFA, MFU, MG, MGC, MICH, MIL, MIN, MISSA, MJG, MMMN, MNHM, MNHN, MO, MOL, MOR, MPN, MPU, MPUC, MSB, MSC, MSUN, MT, MTMG, MU, MUB, MUR, MVFA, MVFQ, MVJB, MVM, MW, MY, N, NA, NAC, NAS, NCU, NE, NH, NHM, NHMC, NHT, NLH, NM, NMB, NMNL, NMR, NMSU, NSPM, NSW, NT, NU, NUM, NY, NZFRI, O, OBI, ODU, OS, OSA, OSC, OSH, OULU, OWU, OXF, P, PACA, PAMP, PAR, PASA, PDD, PE, PEL, PERTH, PEUFR, PFC, PGM, PH, PKDC, PLAT, PMA, POM, PORT, PR, PRC, PRE, PSU, PY, QCA, QCNE, QFA, QM, QRS, QUE, R, RAS, RB, RBR, REG, RELC, RFA, RIOC, RM, RNG, RSA, RYU, S, SACT, SALA, SAM, SAN, SANT, SAPS, SASK, SAV, SBBG, SBT, SCFS, SD, SDSU, SEL, SEV, SF, SFV, SGO, SI, SIU, SJRP, SJSU, SLPM, SMDB, SMF, SNM, SOM, SP, SPF, SPSF, SQF, SRFA, STL, STU, SUU, SVG, TAES, TAI, TAIF, TALL, TAM, TAMU, TAN, TASH, TEF, TENN, TEPB, TEX, TFC, TI, TKPM, TNS, TO, TOYA, TRA, TRH, TROM, TRT, TRTE, TU, TUB, U, UADY, UAM, UAMIZ, UB, UBC, UC, UCMM, UCR, UCS, UCSB, UCSC, UEC, UESC, UFG, UFMA, UFMT, UFP, UFRJ, UFRN, UFS, UGDA, UH, UI, UJAT, ULM, ULS, UME, UMO, UNA, UNB, UNCC, UNEX, UNITEC, UNL, UNM, UNR, UNSL, UPCB, UPEI, UPNA, UPS, US, USAS, USF, USJ, USM, USNC, USP, USZ, UT, UTC, UTEP, UU, UVIC, UWO, V, VAL, VALD, VDB, VEN, VIT, VMSL, VT, W, WAG, WAT, WELT, WFU, WII, WIN, WIS, WMNH, WOLL, WS, WTU, WU, XAL, YAMA, Z, ZMT, ZSS, and ZT. C.B. was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MIST) (2022R1A2C1003504). A.S.M. was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-14) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. J. Pisek was supported by Estonian Research Council Grants PUT 1355 and PRG 1405. J. Peñuelas was funded by European Research Council Synergy Grant ERC-2013-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P. A.G.G. was funded by National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT) grant 1200468 and Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID/BASAL) FB210006. V.D.P. was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi-mento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil (grant 307689/2014-0). The BIEN Working Group was supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a center funded by NSF EF-0553768 at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the State of California. Additional support for the BIEN Working Group was provided by iPlant/CyVerse via NSF DBI-0735191. B.J.E. and C.M. were supported by NSF ABI-1565118 and NSF HDR-1934790. B.J.E. was also supported by a Global Environment Facility Spatial Planning for Protected Areas in Response to Climate Change Project grant (GEF-5810). B.J.E., C.V., and B.S.M. are partly supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB) and Electricitéde France (EDF) in the context of the CESAB (Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity) project “Causes and consequences of functional rarity from local to global scales” (FREE). N.A.S. was Funding Information: supported by Vidi Grant 016.161.318 issued by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. W.-Y.G., J.M.S.-D., and J.-C.S. acknowledge support from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences (Grant 6108-00078B) to the TREECHANGE Project. J.-C.S. also considers this work a contribution to his VILLUM Investigator Project “Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World” funded by VILLUM FONDEN. We thank Brad Boyle for valuable database and informatics assistance and advice, and TRY contributors for sharing their data. This work was conducted as a part of the BIEN Working Group, 2008 to 2012. We thank all the data contributors and numerous herbaria who have contributed their data to various data-compiling organizations for the invaluable data and support provided to BIEN. We thank the New York Botanical Garden, the Missouri Botanical Garden, Utrecht Herbarium, UNC Herbarium, GBIF, REMIB, and SpeciesLink. The staff at CyVerse provided critical computational assistance. We acknowledge the herbaria that contributed data to this work: A, AAH, AAS, AAU, ABH, ACAD, ACOR, AD, AFS, Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 the Author(s).
PY - 2022/6/21
Y1 - 2022/6/21
N2 - Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.
AB - Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.
KW - biodiversity
KW - conservation frameworks
KW - land use
KW - protected areas
KW - tree species
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85132082850&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1073/pnas.2026733119
DO - 10.1073/pnas.2026733119
M3 - Article
C2 - 35709320
AN - SCOPUS:85132082850
SN - 0027-8424
VL - 119
SP - e2026733119
JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
IS - 25
M1 - e2026733119
ER -