Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives—A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)

TY - JOUR

T1 - Immunology of COVID-19

T2 - Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives—A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)

AU - Sokolowska, Milena

AU - Lukasik, Zuzanna M.

AU - Agache, Ioana

AU - Akdis, Cezmi A.

AU - Akdis, Deniz

AU - Akdis, Mübeccel

AU - Barcik, Weronika

AU - Brough, Helen A.

AU - Eiwegger, Thomas

AU - Eljaszewicz, Andrzej

AU - Eyerich, Stefanie

AU - Feleszko, Wojciech

AU - Gomez-Casado, Cristina

AU - Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin

AU - Janda, Jozef

AU - Jiménez-Saiz, Rodrigo

AU - Jutel, Marek

AU - Knol, Edward F.

AU - Kortekaas Krohn, Inge

AU - Kothari, Akash

AU - Makowska, Joanna

AU - Moniuszko, Marcin

AU - Morita, Hideaki

AU - O'Mahony, Liam

AU - Nadeau, Kari

AU - Ozdemir, Cevdet

AU - Pali-Schöll, Isabella

AU - Palomares, Oscar

AU - Papaleo, Francesco

AU - Prunicki, Mary

AU - Schmidt-Weber, Carsten B.

AU - Sediva, Anna

AU - Schwarze, Jürgen

AU - Shamji, Mohamed H.

AU - Tramper-Stranders, Gerdien A.

AU - van de Veen, Willem

AU - Untersmayr, Eva

PY - 2020/10/1

Y1 - 2020/10/1

N2 - With the worldwide spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS-CoV-2-induced coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies. This report summarizes current immunological data on mechanisms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development and progression to the most severe forms. We characterize the differences between adequate innate and adaptive immune response in mild disease and the deep immune dysfunction in the severe multiorgan disease. The similarities of the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are underlined. We also summarize known and potential SARS-CoV-2 receptors on epithelial barriers, immune cells, endothelium and clinically involved organs such as lung, gut, kidney, cardiovascular, and neuronal system. Finally, we discuss the known and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of comorbidities, gender, and age in development of COVID-19. Consequently, we highlight the knowledge gaps and urgent research requirements to provide a quick roadmap for ongoing and needed COVID-19 studies.

AB - With the worldwide spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS-CoV-2-induced coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies. This report summarizes current immunological data on mechanisms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development and progression to the most severe forms. We characterize the differences between adequate innate and adaptive immune response in mild disease and the deep immune dysfunction in the severe multiorgan disease. The similarities of the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are underlined. We also summarize known and potential SARS-CoV-2 receptors on epithelial barriers, immune cells, endothelium and clinically involved organs such as lung, gut, kidney, cardiovascular, and neuronal system. Finally, we discuss the known and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of comorbidities, gender, and age in development of COVID-19. Consequently, we highlight the knowledge gaps and urgent research requirements to provide a quick roadmap for ongoing and needed COVID-19 studies.

KW - COVID-19 comorbidity

KW - COVID-19 immunity

KW - COVID-19 multimorbidity

KW - COVID-19 prevention

KW - COVID-19 treatment

KW - SARS

KW - SARS-CoV-2 receptors

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85088253490

U2 - 10.1111/all.14462

DO - 10.1111/all.14462

M3 - Article

C2 - 32584441

AN - SCOPUS:85088253490

SN - 0105-4538

VL - 75

SP - 2445

EP - 2476

JO - Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

JF - Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

IS - 10

ER -