Ketamine use in a large global sample: Characteristics, patterns of use and emergency medical treatment

Karen P. Barrios; Dean J. Connolly; Jason A. Ferris; Larissa J. Maier; Monica J. Barratt; Adam R. Winstock; Cheneal Puljević; Gail Gilchrist

doi:10.1177/02698811241273850

Ketamine use in a large global sample: Characteristics, patterns of use and emergency medical treatment

Karen P. Barrios^*, Dean J. Connolly, Jason A. Ferris, Larissa J. Maier, Monica J. Barratt, Adam R. Winstock, Cheneal Puljević, Gail Gilchrist

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Background: Ketamine’s popularity has surged globally in the past decade, especially among young men. Emergency department visits due to its toxicity remain relatively rare, often linked to co-occurring use of other substances. Aims: Using data from the Global Drug Survey (GDS) 2018, this study explored the correlates associated with lifetime and past-year ketamine use, and estimated the socio-demographic characteristics, usage patterns and experiences of respondents seeking emergency medical treatment (EMT) after ketamine use. Methods: Secondary analysis of GDS 2018, an online cross-sectional survey on drug use patterns conducted between November 2017 and January 2018. Results: The survey received 130,761 valid responses, with 5.93% reporting lifetime ketamine use, of which 57.70% used ketamine within the past year. Predominantly, respondents were from Germany, England and Denmark. Within the past year, 8.55% met the criteria for ketamine dependence. Respondents who used ketamine in their lifetime tended to be young (mean (x̄) = 27.37 years), men, heterosexual and of white ethnicity. Younger age (x̄ = 24.84 years), gay sexual orientation, student status, past-year use of other drugs and no lifetime mental health diagnosis were associated with past-year ketamine use. Among 4477 respondents reporting past-year ketamine use, 120 adverse events were reported, with less than 0.10% prompting EMT seeking. Conclusion: The study reveals frequent ketamine use but low harm occurrence, underscoring the complex interplay between ketamine use, substance use and dependence, and related factors. This underscores the need to reassess EMT priorities, implement tailored harm reduction strategies and incorporate comprehensive screening for addressing ketamine and substance dependence challenges.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	8-22
Number of pages	15
Journal	Journal of Psychopharmacology
Volume	39
Issue number	1
Early online date	17 Oct 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241273850
Publication status	Published - 1 Jan 2025

Keywords

Emergency medical treatment
Global Drug Survey
ketamine
risk factors
substance use

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1177/02698811241273850Licence: CC BY

Ketamine use in a large_BARRIOS_Publishedonline17October2024_GOLD_VoR (CC BY)Final published version, 324 KBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

@article{e79701ba28fc4e4e9d8fe28a1ab10a83,

title = "Ketamine use in a large global sample: Characteristics, patterns of use and emergency medical treatment",

abstract = "Background: Ketamine{\textquoteright}s popularity has surged globally in the past decade, especially among young men. Emergency department visits due to its toxicity remain relatively rare, often linked to co-occurring use of other substances. Aims: Using data from the Global Drug Survey (GDS) 2018, this study explored the correlates associated with lifetime and past-year ketamine use, and estimated the socio-demographic characteristics, usage patterns and experiences of respondents seeking emergency medical treatment (EMT) after ketamine use. Methods: Secondary analysis of GDS 2018, an online cross-sectional survey on drug use patterns conducted between November 2017 and January 2018. Results: The survey received 130,761 valid responses, with 5.93% reporting lifetime ketamine use, of which 57.70% used ketamine within the past year. Predominantly, respondents were from Germany, England and Denmark. Within the past year, 8.55% met the criteria for ketamine dependence. Respondents who used ketamine in their lifetime tended to be young (mean ({\=x}) = 27.37 years), men, heterosexual and of white ethnicity. Younger age ({\=x} = 24.84 years), gay sexual orientation, student status, past-year use of other drugs and no lifetime mental health diagnosis were associated with past-year ketamine use. Among 4477 respondents reporting past-year ketamine use, 120 adverse events were reported, with less than 0.10% prompting EMT seeking. Conclusion: The study reveals frequent ketamine use but low harm occurrence, underscoring the complex interplay between ketamine use, substance use and dependence, and related factors. This underscores the need to reassess EMT priorities, implement tailored harm reduction strategies and incorporate comprehensive screening for addressing ketamine and substance dependence challenges.",

keywords = "Emergency medical treatment, Global Drug Survey, ketamine, risk factors, substance use",

author = "Barrios, {Karen P.} and Connolly, {Dean J.} and Ferris, {Jason A.} and Maier, {Larissa J.} and Barratt, {Monica J.} and Winstock, {Adam R.} and Cheneal Puljevi{\'c} and Gail Gilchrist",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2024.",

year = "2025",

month = jan,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1177/02698811241273850",

language = "English",

volume = "39",

pages = "8--22",

journal = "Journal of Psychopharmacology",

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T1 - Ketamine use in a large global sample

T2 - Characteristics, patterns of use and emergency medical treatment

AU - Barrios, Karen P.

AU - Connolly, Dean J.

AU - Ferris, Jason A.

AU - Maier, Larissa J.

AU - Barratt, Monica J.

AU - Winstock, Adam R.

AU - Puljević, Cheneal

AU - Gilchrist, Gail

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.

PY - 2025/1/1

Y1 - 2025/1/1

N2 - Background: Ketamine’s popularity has surged globally in the past decade, especially among young men. Emergency department visits due to its toxicity remain relatively rare, often linked to co-occurring use of other substances. Aims: Using data from the Global Drug Survey (GDS) 2018, this study explored the correlates associated with lifetime and past-year ketamine use, and estimated the socio-demographic characteristics, usage patterns and experiences of respondents seeking emergency medical treatment (EMT) after ketamine use. Methods: Secondary analysis of GDS 2018, an online cross-sectional survey on drug use patterns conducted between November 2017 and January 2018. Results: The survey received 130,761 valid responses, with 5.93% reporting lifetime ketamine use, of which 57.70% used ketamine within the past year. Predominantly, respondents were from Germany, England and Denmark. Within the past year, 8.55% met the criteria for ketamine dependence. Respondents who used ketamine in their lifetime tended to be young (mean (x̄) = 27.37 years), men, heterosexual and of white ethnicity. Younger age (x̄ = 24.84 years), gay sexual orientation, student status, past-year use of other drugs and no lifetime mental health diagnosis were associated with past-year ketamine use. Among 4477 respondents reporting past-year ketamine use, 120 adverse events were reported, with less than 0.10% prompting EMT seeking. Conclusion: The study reveals frequent ketamine use but low harm occurrence, underscoring the complex interplay between ketamine use, substance use and dependence, and related factors. This underscores the need to reassess EMT priorities, implement tailored harm reduction strategies and incorporate comprehensive screening for addressing ketamine and substance dependence challenges.

AB - Background: Ketamine’s popularity has surged globally in the past decade, especially among young men. Emergency department visits due to its toxicity remain relatively rare, often linked to co-occurring use of other substances. Aims: Using data from the Global Drug Survey (GDS) 2018, this study explored the correlates associated with lifetime and past-year ketamine use, and estimated the socio-demographic characteristics, usage patterns and experiences of respondents seeking emergency medical treatment (EMT) after ketamine use. Methods: Secondary analysis of GDS 2018, an online cross-sectional survey on drug use patterns conducted between November 2017 and January 2018. Results: The survey received 130,761 valid responses, with 5.93% reporting lifetime ketamine use, of which 57.70% used ketamine within the past year. Predominantly, respondents were from Germany, England and Denmark. Within the past year, 8.55% met the criteria for ketamine dependence. Respondents who used ketamine in their lifetime tended to be young (mean (x̄) = 27.37 years), men, heterosexual and of white ethnicity. Younger age (x̄ = 24.84 years), gay sexual orientation, student status, past-year use of other drugs and no lifetime mental health diagnosis were associated with past-year ketamine use. Among 4477 respondents reporting past-year ketamine use, 120 adverse events were reported, with less than 0.10% prompting EMT seeking. Conclusion: The study reveals frequent ketamine use but low harm occurrence, underscoring the complex interplay between ketamine use, substance use and dependence, and related factors. This underscores the need to reassess EMT priorities, implement tailored harm reduction strategies and incorporate comprehensive screening for addressing ketamine and substance dependence challenges.

KW - Emergency medical treatment

KW - Global Drug Survey

KW - ketamine

KW - risk factors

KW - substance use

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DO - 10.1177/02698811241273850

M3 - Article

C2 - 39420535

AN - SCOPUS:85206944696

SN - 0269-8811

VL - 39

SP - 8

EP - 22

JO - Journal of Psychopharmacology

JF - Journal of Psychopharmacology

IS - 1

ER -

Ketamine use in a large global sample: Characteristics, patterns of use and emergency medical treatment

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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