Literacy and numeracy are more heritable than intelligence in primary school

TY - JOUR

T1 - Literacy and numeracy are more heritable than intelligence in primary school

AU - Kovas, Yulia

AU - Voronin, Ivan

AU - Kaydalov, Andrey

AU - Malykh, Sergey B

AU - Dale, Philip S

AU - Plomin, Robert

PY - 2013/10

Y1 - 2013/10

N2 - Because literacy and numeracy are the focus of teaching in schools, whereas general cognitive ability (g, intelligence) is not, it would be reasonable to expect that literacy and numeracy are less heritable than g. Here, we directly compare heritabilities of multiple measures of literacy, numeracy, and g in a United Kingdom sample of 7,500 pairs of twins assessed longitudinally at ages 7, 9, and 12. We show that differences between children are significantly and substantially more heritable for literacy and numeracy than for g at ages 7 and 9, but not 12. We suggest that the reason for this counterintuitive result is that universal education in the early school years reduces environmental disparities so that individual differences that remain are to a greater extent due to genetic differences. In contrast, the heritability of g increases during development as individuals select and create their own environments correlated with their genetic propensities.

AB - Because literacy and numeracy are the focus of teaching in schools, whereas general cognitive ability (g, intelligence) is not, it would be reasonable to expect that literacy and numeracy are less heritable than g. Here, we directly compare heritabilities of multiple measures of literacy, numeracy, and g in a United Kingdom sample of 7,500 pairs of twins assessed longitudinally at ages 7, 9, and 12. We show that differences between children are significantly and substantially more heritable for literacy and numeracy than for g at ages 7 and 9, but not 12. We suggest that the reason for this counterintuitive result is that universal education in the early school years reduces environmental disparities so that individual differences that remain are to a greater extent due to genetic differences. In contrast, the heritability of g increases during development as individuals select and create their own environments correlated with their genetic propensities.

KW - Academic achievement

KW - Reading

KW - Mathematical ability

KW - Genetics

KW - Environmental effects

U2 - 10.1177/0956797613486982

DO - 10.1177/0956797613486982

M3 - Article

C2 - 24002885

VL - 24

SP - 2048

EP - 2056

JO - Psychological Science (China)

JF - Psychological Science (China)

IS - 10

ER -