TY - JOUR
T1 - Mode of action of human pharmaceuticals in fish
T2 - The effects of the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, on reproduction as a case study
AU - Margiotta-Casaluci, Luigi
AU - Hannah, Robert E.
AU - Sumpter, John P.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline . L.M.-C. and J.P.S. were employed by Brunel University. R.E.H. was employed by GlaxoSmithKline, which had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
PY - 2013/3/5
Y1 - 2013/3/5
N2 - In recent years, a growing number of human pharmaceuticals have been detected in the aquatic environment, generally at low concentrations (sub-ng/L-low μg/L). In most cases, these compounds are characterised by highly specific modes of action, and the evolutionary conservation of drug targets in wildlife species suggests the possibility that pharmaceuticals present in the environment may cause toxicological effects by acting through the same targets as they do in humans. Our research addressed the question of whether or not dutasteride, a pharmaceutical used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, may cause adverse effects in a teleost fish, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), by inhibiting the activity of both isoforms of 5α-reductase (5αR), the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Mammalian pharmacological and toxicological information were used to guide the experimental design and the selection of relevant endpoints, according to the so-called " read-across approach" , suggesting that dutasteride may affect male fertility and steroid hormone dynamics. Therefore, a 21-day reproduction study was conducted to determine the effects of dutasteride (10, 32 and 100 μg/L) on fish reproduction. Exposure to dutasteride significantly reduced fecundity of fish and affected several aspects of reproductive endocrine functions in both males and females. However, none of the observed adverse effects occurred at concentrations of exposure lower than 32 μg/L; this, together with the low volume of drug prescribed every year (10.34. kg in the UK in 2011), and the extremely low predicted environmental concentration (0.03. ng/L), suggest that, at present, the potential presence of dutasteride in the environment does not represent a threat to wild fish populations.
AB - In recent years, a growing number of human pharmaceuticals have been detected in the aquatic environment, generally at low concentrations (sub-ng/L-low μg/L). In most cases, these compounds are characterised by highly specific modes of action, and the evolutionary conservation of drug targets in wildlife species suggests the possibility that pharmaceuticals present in the environment may cause toxicological effects by acting through the same targets as they do in humans. Our research addressed the question of whether or not dutasteride, a pharmaceutical used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, may cause adverse effects in a teleost fish, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), by inhibiting the activity of both isoforms of 5α-reductase (5αR), the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Mammalian pharmacological and toxicological information were used to guide the experimental design and the selection of relevant endpoints, according to the so-called " read-across approach" , suggesting that dutasteride may affect male fertility and steroid hormone dynamics. Therefore, a 21-day reproduction study was conducted to determine the effects of dutasteride (10, 32 and 100 μg/L) on fish reproduction. Exposure to dutasteride significantly reduced fecundity of fish and affected several aspects of reproductive endocrine functions in both males and females. However, none of the observed adverse effects occurred at concentrations of exposure lower than 32 μg/L; this, together with the low volume of drug prescribed every year (10.34. kg in the UK in 2011), and the extremely low predicted environmental concentration (0.03. ng/L), suggest that, at present, the potential presence of dutasteride in the environment does not represent a threat to wild fish populations.
KW - 5-Alpha reductase
KW - Anti-androgen
KW - Fish
KW - Pharmaceutical
KW - Read-across
KW - Reproductive toxicology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84871833923&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.003
DO - 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.003
M3 - Article
C2 - 23280489
AN - SCOPUS:84871833923
SN - 0166-445X
VL - 128-129
SP - 113
EP - 123
JO - AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
JF - AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
ER -
