Morphometric classification and spatial distribution of Philippine volcanoes

Engielle Mae Paguican; Pablo Grosse; Gareth N. Fabbro; Matthieu Kervyn

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107251

Morphometric classification and spatial distribution of Philippine volcanoes

Engielle Mae Paguican^*, Pablo Grosse, Gareth N. Fabbro, Matthieu Kervyn

^*Corresponding author for this work

Geography

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Abstract

The Philippine Island Arc has a large number of volcanoes with diverse morphologies, making it an ideal location to study the factors controlling the morphology and spatial distribution of island arc volcanoes. We have identified 731 volcanic edifices using the SRTM 30 m digital elevation model, and computed their quantitative morphology using the MORVOLC algorithm. Hierarchical classification by principal component (PC) analysis distinguishes four volcano types: small flat cones, small steep cones, large cones, and massifs, with mean volumes of 0.2 km³ (<6.2 km³), 0.4 km³ (<9 km³), 29 km³ (0.15–178 km³), 267 km³ (76–675 km³), mean heights of 125 m (16–721 m), 260 m (53–971 m), 842 m (59–2313 m), 1533 m (1012–2175 m), and mean slopes of 13° (3–21°), 22° (14–37°), 15° (3–28°), 15° (11–22°), respectively. This classification is based mainly on their size and irregularity (PC1) and steepness (mean slope and height/basal width ratio; PC2), and to a lesser extent on the size of the summit region and edifice truncation (PC3) and edifice elongation (PC4). These morphological volcano classes represent stages along an evolutionary trend. The small flat cones are mostly monogenetic, whereas the small steep cone class represents an early growth stage. Some can develop into large polygenetic cones while a few can further grow laterally into massifs, both of which are preferentially found on thickened crust. There is a trend towards more silicic compositions from small to large cones, perhaps due to larger edifice loads preventing mafic dykes from reaching the surface. The distribution and alignment of the edifices within volcanic fields seems to be influenced by both regional and local stress fields and pre-existing structures.

Original language	English
Article number	107251
Journal	JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH
Volume	418
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107251
Publication status	Published - Oct 2021

Keywords

Cluster analysis
Philippine volcanoes
Principal component analysis
Volcano growth
Volcano morphometry
Volcano spatial distribution

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107251

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title = "Morphometric classification and spatial distribution of Philippine volcanoes",

abstract = "The Philippine Island Arc has a large number of volcanoes with diverse morphologies, making it an ideal location to study the factors controlling the morphology and spatial distribution of island arc volcanoes. We have identified 731 volcanic edifices using the SRTM 30 m digital elevation model, and computed their quantitative morphology using the MORVOLC algorithm. Hierarchical classification by principal component (PC) analysis distinguishes four volcano types: small flat cones, small steep cones, large cones, and massifs, with mean volumes of 0.2 km3 (<6.2 km3), 0.4 km3 (<9 km3), 29 km3 (0.15–178 km3), 267 km3 (76–675 km3), mean heights of 125 m (16–721 m), 260 m (53–971 m), 842 m (59–2313 m), 1533 m (1012–2175 m), and mean slopes of 13° (3–21°), 22° (14–37°), 15° (3–28°), 15° (11–22°), respectively. This classification is based mainly on their size and irregularity (PC1) and steepness (mean slope and height/basal width ratio; PC2), and to a lesser extent on the size of the summit region and edifice truncation (PC3) and edifice elongation (PC4). These morphological volcano classes represent stages along an evolutionary trend. The small flat cones are mostly monogenetic, whereas the small steep cone class represents an early growth stage. Some can develop into large polygenetic cones while a few can further grow laterally into massifs, both of which are preferentially found on thickened crust. There is a trend towards more silicic compositions from small to large cones, perhaps due to larger edifice loads preventing mafic dykes from reaching the surface. The distribution and alignment of the edifices within volcanic fields seems to be influenced by both regional and local stress fields and pre-existing structures.",

keywords = "Cluster analysis, Philippine volcanoes, Principal component analysis, Volcano growth, Volcano morphometry, Volcano spatial distribution",

author = "Paguican, {Engielle Mae} and Pablo Grosse and Fabbro, {Gareth N.} and Matthieu Kervyn",

note = "Funding Information: This work was funded by a 2015 Belgium Science Policy (BELSPO) Postdoctoral Fellowship for non-European researchers. EM Paguican was also funded by the Balik Scientist Fellowship from the Philippine Department of Science and Technology to continue writing this manuscript. GF received funding support from the Earth Observatory of Singapore via its funding from the National Research Foundation Singapore and the Singapore Ministry of Education under the Research Centres of Excellence initiative. Many thanks to the editor, Dr. Jose Luis Macias, and to the reviewers Dr. Alessandro Tibaldi and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors",

year = "2021",

month = oct,

doi = "10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107251",

language = "English",

volume = "418",

journal = "JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH",

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AU - Paguican, Engielle Mae

AU - Grosse, Pablo

AU - Fabbro, Gareth N.

AU - Kervyn, Matthieu

N1 - Funding Information: This work was funded by a 2015 Belgium Science Policy (BELSPO) Postdoctoral Fellowship for non-European researchers. EM Paguican was also funded by the Balik Scientist Fellowship from the Philippine Department of Science and Technology to continue writing this manuscript. GF received funding support from the Earth Observatory of Singapore via its funding from the National Research Foundation Singapore and the Singapore Ministry of Education under the Research Centres of Excellence initiative. Many thanks to the editor, Dr. Jose Luis Macias, and to the reviewers Dr. Alessandro Tibaldi and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors

PY - 2021/10

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N2 - The Philippine Island Arc has a large number of volcanoes with diverse morphologies, making it an ideal location to study the factors controlling the morphology and spatial distribution of island arc volcanoes. We have identified 731 volcanic edifices using the SRTM 30 m digital elevation model, and computed their quantitative morphology using the MORVOLC algorithm. Hierarchical classification by principal component (PC) analysis distinguishes four volcano types: small flat cones, small steep cones, large cones, and massifs, with mean volumes of 0.2 km3 (<6.2 km3), 0.4 km3 (<9 km3), 29 km3 (0.15–178 km3), 267 km3 (76–675 km3), mean heights of 125 m (16–721 m), 260 m (53–971 m), 842 m (59–2313 m), 1533 m (1012–2175 m), and mean slopes of 13° (3–21°), 22° (14–37°), 15° (3–28°), 15° (11–22°), respectively. This classification is based mainly on their size and irregularity (PC1) and steepness (mean slope and height/basal width ratio; PC2), and to a lesser extent on the size of the summit region and edifice truncation (PC3) and edifice elongation (PC4). These morphological volcano classes represent stages along an evolutionary trend. The small flat cones are mostly monogenetic, whereas the small steep cone class represents an early growth stage. Some can develop into large polygenetic cones while a few can further grow laterally into massifs, both of which are preferentially found on thickened crust. There is a trend towards more silicic compositions from small to large cones, perhaps due to larger edifice loads preventing mafic dykes from reaching the surface. The distribution and alignment of the edifices within volcanic fields seems to be influenced by both regional and local stress fields and pre-existing structures.

AB - The Philippine Island Arc has a large number of volcanoes with diverse morphologies, making it an ideal location to study the factors controlling the morphology and spatial distribution of island arc volcanoes. We have identified 731 volcanic edifices using the SRTM 30 m digital elevation model, and computed their quantitative morphology using the MORVOLC algorithm. Hierarchical classification by principal component (PC) analysis distinguishes four volcano types: small flat cones, small steep cones, large cones, and massifs, with mean volumes of 0.2 km3 (<6.2 km3), 0.4 km3 (<9 km3), 29 km3 (0.15–178 km3), 267 km3 (76–675 km3), mean heights of 125 m (16–721 m), 260 m (53–971 m), 842 m (59–2313 m), 1533 m (1012–2175 m), and mean slopes of 13° (3–21°), 22° (14–37°), 15° (3–28°), 15° (11–22°), respectively. This classification is based mainly on their size and irregularity (PC1) and steepness (mean slope and height/basal width ratio; PC2), and to a lesser extent on the size of the summit region and edifice truncation (PC3) and edifice elongation (PC4). These morphological volcano classes represent stages along an evolutionary trend. The small flat cones are mostly monogenetic, whereas the small steep cone class represents an early growth stage. Some can develop into large polygenetic cones while a few can further grow laterally into massifs, both of which are preferentially found on thickened crust. There is a trend towards more silicic compositions from small to large cones, perhaps due to larger edifice loads preventing mafic dykes from reaching the surface. The distribution and alignment of the edifices within volcanic fields seems to be influenced by both regional and local stress fields and pre-existing structures.

KW - Cluster analysis

KW - Philippine volcanoes

KW - Principal component analysis

KW - Volcano growth

KW - Volcano morphometry

KW - Volcano spatial distribution

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AN - SCOPUS:85109066050

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JO - JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH

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M1 - 107251

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Morphometric classification and spatial distribution of Philippine volcanoes

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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