@article{c80861b09a1a4972ab0a313a5457cf52,
title = "On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions",
abstract = "A preregistered meta-analysis, including 244 effect sizes from 85 field audits and 361,645 individual job applications, tested for gender bias in hiring practices in female-stereotypical and gender-balanced as well as male-stereotypical jobs from 1976 to 2020. A “red team” of independent experts was recruited to increase the rigor and robustness of our meta-analytic approach. A forecasting survey further examined whether laypeople (n = 499 nationally representative adults) and scientists (n = 312) could predict the results. Forecasters correctly anticipated reductions in discrimination against female candidates over time. However, both scientists and laypeople overestimated the continuation of bias against female candidates. Instead, selection bias in favor of male over female candidates was eliminated and, if anything, slightly reversed in sign starting in 2009 for mixed-gender and male-stereotypical jobs in our sample. Forecasters further failed to anticipate that discrimination against male candidates for stereotypically female jobs would remain stable across the decades.",
keywords = "Discrimination, Field experiments, Forecasting, Gender, Meta-analysis, Open science",
author = "Michael Schaerer and {du Plessis}, Christilene and Nguyen, {My Hoang Bao} and {van Aert}, {Robbie C.M.} and Leo Tiokhin and Dani{\"e}l Lakens and Clemente, {Elena Giulia} and Thomas Pfeiffer and Anna Dreber and Magnus Johannesson and Clark, {Cory J.} and {Gender Audits Forecasting Collaboration} and Uhlmann, {Eric Luis} and Abraham, {Ajay T.} and Magdalena Adamus and Cinla Akinci and Federica Alberti and Alsharawy, {Abdelaziz M.} and Shilaan Alzahawi and Frederik Anseel and Felix Arndt and Binnur Balkan and Ernest Baskin and Bearden, {Carrie E.} and Benotsch, {Eric G.} and Stefan Bernritter and Black, {Sheila R.} and Wiebke Bleidorn and Boysen, {Andrew P.} and Brienza, {Justin P.} and Mitch Brown and Brown, {Stephanie E.V.} and Brown, {Joshua W.} and Jeffrey Buckley and Brett Buttliere and Nick Byrd and Hynek C{\'i}gler and Taba{\'r}e Capitan and Paolo Cherubini and Chong, {Shao Yuan} and Ciftci, {Esma Esen} and Conrad, {Cheryl D.} and Paul Conway and Elaine Costa and Cox, {Jolene A.} and Cox, {Daniel J.} and Francisco Cruz and Dawson, {Ian G.J.} and Demiral, {Elif E.} and Derrick, {Jaye L.} and Shemal Doshi",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors",
year = "2023",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280",
language = "English",
volume = "179",
journal = "ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES",
issn = "0749-5978",
publisher = "ACADEMIC PRESS INC",
}