Perceived discrimination and type 2 diabetes incidence: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study

Aliya Amirova; Ruth A Hackett

doi:10.1037/hea0001369

Perceived discrimination and type 2 diabetes incidence: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Objectives: To examine the prospective association between perceived everyday discrimination and Type 2 diabetes incidence in a large population-based sample. Method: Data were from the Health and Retirement Study of 14,900 individuals aged ≥ 50 years without a diabetes diagnosis. Participants self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and diabetes status. Associations between baseline perceived everyday discrimination (one time point) and incident diabetes in the following 10 years were modeled using Cox regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Exploratory analyses assessed the association between repeated reports of perceived everyday discrimination (reports of everyday discrimination at more than one time point) and later diabetes onset. Results: A total of 917 (6.15%) of the 14,900 participants developed Type 2 diabetes over a maximum 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6). Baseline perceived everyday discrimination was prospectively associated with an increased risk of diabetes (hazard ratio = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [1.15, 1.63], p < .001) independent of age, sex, wealth, race and ethnicity, and education. This association was robust to further adjustment for body mass index, hypertension, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression. In exploratory analyses, repeated reports of everyday discrimination were not significantly associated with incident diabetes. Conclusions: Individuals who perceive everyday discrimination are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than those who do not perceive everyday discrimination. Further research is needed to investigate the potential pathways linking discrimination and diabetes onset. Evidence on the association between perceived discrimination and Type 2 diabetes is mixed. Exposure to discrimination is theorized to predispose individuals to disease. We investigated whether discrimination is linked to Type 2 diabetes. Findings suggest discrimination increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults over a 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6 years). The mechanisms through which perceived discrimination poses a risk for developing diabetes should be investigated. Objetivos: Examinar la asociación prospectiva entre la discriminación cotidiana percibida y la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 en una muestra poblacional grande. Métodos: Los datos provinieron del Estudio de Salud y Jubilación (Health and Retirement Study en inglés) de 14,900 personas de ≥ 50 años sin diagnóstico de diabetes. Los participantes informaron experiencias de discriminación cotidiana y estado de diabetes. Las asociaciones entre la discriminación cotidiana percibida al inicio (un momento determinado) y la incidencia de diabetes en los diez años siguientes se modelaron utilizando la regresión de Cox, ajustando los posibles factores de confusión. Los análisis exploratorios evaluaron la asociación entre los informes repetidos de discriminación cotidiana percibida (informes de discriminación cotidiana en más de un momento) y la aparición posterior de diabetes. Resultados: Un total de 917 (6.15%) de los 14,900 participantes desarrollaron diabetes tipo 2 durante un seguimiento máximo de 10 años (mediana = 6). La discriminación cotidiana percibida al inicio se asoció prospectivamente con un mayor riesgo de diabetes (HR = 1.37, IC del 95%: [1.15; 1.63], p < .001) independientemente de la edad, el sexo, la riqueza, etnicidad y la educación. Esta asociación fue sólida con ajustes adicionales por índice de masa corporal (BMI, por sus siglas en inglés), hipertensión, actividad física, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y depresión. En los análisis exploratorios, los informes repetidos de discriminación cotidiana no se asociaron significativamente con la incidencia de diabetes. Conclusiones: Las personas que perciben discriminación cotidiana tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 que aquellos que no perciben discriminación cotidiana. Se necesitan más investigaciones para investigar las posibles vías que vinculan la discriminación y la aparición de diabetes.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	694-704
Number of pages	11
Journal	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association
Volume	43
Issue number	9
Early online date	6 Jun 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001369
Publication status	Published - 6 Jun 2024

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title = "Perceived discrimination and type 2 diabetes incidence: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study",

abstract = "Objectives: To examine the prospective association between perceived everyday discrimination and Type 2 diabetes incidence in a large population-based sample. Method: Data were from the Health and Retirement Study of 14,900 individuals aged ≥ 50 years without a diabetes diagnosis. Participants self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and diabetes status. Associations between baseline perceived everyday discrimination (one time point) and incident diabetes in the following 10 years were modeled using Cox regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Exploratory analyses assessed the association between repeated reports of perceived everyday discrimination (reports of everyday discrimination at more than one time point) and later diabetes onset. Results: A total of 917 (6.15%) of the 14,900 participants developed Type 2 diabetes over a maximum 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6). Baseline perceived everyday discrimination was prospectively associated with an increased risk of diabetes (hazard ratio = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [1.15, 1.63], p < .001) independent of age, sex, wealth, race and ethnicity, and education. This association was robust to further adjustment for body mass index, hypertension, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression. In exploratory analyses, repeated reports of everyday discrimination were not significantly associated with incident diabetes. Conclusions: Individuals who perceive everyday discrimination are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than those who do not perceive everyday discrimination. Further research is needed to investigate the potential pathways linking discrimination and diabetes onset. Evidence on the association between perceived discrimination and Type 2 diabetes is mixed. Exposure to discrimination is theorized to predispose individuals to disease. We investigated whether discrimination is linked to Type 2 diabetes. Findings suggest discrimination increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults over a 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6 years). The mechanisms through which perceived discrimination poses a risk for developing diabetes should be investigated. Objetivos: Examinar la asociaci{\'o}n prospectiva entre la discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana percibida y la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 en una muestra poblacional grande. M{\'e}todos: Los datos provinieron del Estudio de Salud y Jubilaci{\'o}n (Health and Retirement Study en ingl{\'e}s) de 14,900 personas de ≥ 50 a{\~n}os sin diagn{\'o}stico de diabetes. Los participantes informaron experiencias de discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana y estado de diabetes. Las asociaciones entre la discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana percibida al inicio (un momento determinado) y la incidencia de diabetes en los diez a{\~n}os siguientes se modelaron utilizando la regresi{\'o}n de Cox, ajustando los posibles factores de confusi{\'o}n. Los an{\'a}lisis exploratorios evaluaron la asociaci{\'o}n entre los informes repetidos de discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana percibida (informes de discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana en m{\'a}s de un momento) y la aparici{\'o}n posterior de diabetes. Resultados: Un total de 917 (6.15%) de los 14,900 participantes desarrollaron diabetes tipo 2 durante un seguimiento m{\'a}ximo de 10 a{\~n}os (mediana = 6). La discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana percibida al inicio se asoci{\'o} prospectivamente con un mayor riesgo de diabetes (HR = 1.37, IC del 95%: [1.15; 1.63], p < .001) independientemente de la edad, el sexo, la riqueza, etnicidad y la educaci{\'o}n. Esta asociaci{\'o}n fue s{\'o}lida con ajustes adicionales por {\'i}ndice de masa corporal (BMI, por sus siglas en ingl{\'e}s), hipertensi{\'o}n, actividad f{\'i}sica, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y depresi{\'o}n. En los an{\'a}lisis exploratorios, los informes repetidos de discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana no se asociaron significativamente con la incidencia de diabetes. Conclusiones: Las personas que perciben discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana tienen m{\'a}s probabilidades de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 que aquellos que no perciben discriminaci{\'o}n cotidiana. Se necesitan m{\'a}s investigaciones para investigar las posibles v{\'i}as que vinculan la discriminaci{\'o}n y la aparici{\'o}n de diabetes.",

author = "Aliya Amirova and Hackett, {Ruth A}",

year = "2024",

month = jun,

day = "6",

doi = "10.1037/hea0001369",

language = "English",

volume = "43",

pages = "694--704",

journal = "Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association",

issn = "0278-6133",

publisher = "American Psychological Association",

number = "9",

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T1 - Perceived discrimination and type 2 diabetes incidence

T2 - Findings from the Health and Retirement Study

AU - Amirova, Aliya

AU - Hackett, Ruth A

PY - 2024/6/6

Y1 - 2024/6/6

N2 - Objectives: To examine the prospective association between perceived everyday discrimination and Type 2 diabetes incidence in a large population-based sample. Method: Data were from the Health and Retirement Study of 14,900 individuals aged ≥ 50 years without a diabetes diagnosis. Participants self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and diabetes status. Associations between baseline perceived everyday discrimination (one time point) and incident diabetes in the following 10 years were modeled using Cox regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Exploratory analyses assessed the association between repeated reports of perceived everyday discrimination (reports of everyday discrimination at more than one time point) and later diabetes onset. Results: A total of 917 (6.15%) of the 14,900 participants developed Type 2 diabetes over a maximum 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6). Baseline perceived everyday discrimination was prospectively associated with an increased risk of diabetes (hazard ratio = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [1.15, 1.63], p < .001) independent of age, sex, wealth, race and ethnicity, and education. This association was robust to further adjustment for body mass index, hypertension, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression. In exploratory analyses, repeated reports of everyday discrimination were not significantly associated with incident diabetes. Conclusions: Individuals who perceive everyday discrimination are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than those who do not perceive everyday discrimination. Further research is needed to investigate the potential pathways linking discrimination and diabetes onset. Evidence on the association between perceived discrimination and Type 2 diabetes is mixed. Exposure to discrimination is theorized to predispose individuals to disease. We investigated whether discrimination is linked to Type 2 diabetes. Findings suggest discrimination increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults over a 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6 years). The mechanisms through which perceived discrimination poses a risk for developing diabetes should be investigated. Objetivos: Examinar la asociación prospectiva entre la discriminación cotidiana percibida y la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 en una muestra poblacional grande. Métodos: Los datos provinieron del Estudio de Salud y Jubilación (Health and Retirement Study en inglés) de 14,900 personas de ≥ 50 años sin diagnóstico de diabetes. Los participantes informaron experiencias de discriminación cotidiana y estado de diabetes. Las asociaciones entre la discriminación cotidiana percibida al inicio (un momento determinado) y la incidencia de diabetes en los diez años siguientes se modelaron utilizando la regresión de Cox, ajustando los posibles factores de confusión. Los análisis exploratorios evaluaron la asociación entre los informes repetidos de discriminación cotidiana percibida (informes de discriminación cotidiana en más de un momento) y la aparición posterior de diabetes. Resultados: Un total de 917 (6.15%) de los 14,900 participantes desarrollaron diabetes tipo 2 durante un seguimiento máximo de 10 años (mediana = 6). La discriminación cotidiana percibida al inicio se asoció prospectivamente con un mayor riesgo de diabetes (HR = 1.37, IC del 95%: [1.15; 1.63], p < .001) independientemente de la edad, el sexo, la riqueza, etnicidad y la educación. Esta asociación fue sólida con ajustes adicionales por índice de masa corporal (BMI, por sus siglas en inglés), hipertensión, actividad física, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y depresión. En los análisis exploratorios, los informes repetidos de discriminación cotidiana no se asociaron significativamente con la incidencia de diabetes. Conclusiones: Las personas que perciben discriminación cotidiana tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 que aquellos que no perciben discriminación cotidiana. Se necesitan más investigaciones para investigar las posibles vías que vinculan la discriminación y la aparición de diabetes.

AB - Objectives: To examine the prospective association between perceived everyday discrimination and Type 2 diabetes incidence in a large population-based sample. Method: Data were from the Health and Retirement Study of 14,900 individuals aged ≥ 50 years without a diabetes diagnosis. Participants self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and diabetes status. Associations between baseline perceived everyday discrimination (one time point) and incident diabetes in the following 10 years were modeled using Cox regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Exploratory analyses assessed the association between repeated reports of perceived everyday discrimination (reports of everyday discrimination at more than one time point) and later diabetes onset. Results: A total of 917 (6.15%) of the 14,900 participants developed Type 2 diabetes over a maximum 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6). Baseline perceived everyday discrimination was prospectively associated with an increased risk of diabetes (hazard ratio = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [1.15, 1.63], p < .001) independent of age, sex, wealth, race and ethnicity, and education. This association was robust to further adjustment for body mass index, hypertension, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression. In exploratory analyses, repeated reports of everyday discrimination were not significantly associated with incident diabetes. Conclusions: Individuals who perceive everyday discrimination are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than those who do not perceive everyday discrimination. Further research is needed to investigate the potential pathways linking discrimination and diabetes onset. Evidence on the association between perceived discrimination and Type 2 diabetes is mixed. Exposure to discrimination is theorized to predispose individuals to disease. We investigated whether discrimination is linked to Type 2 diabetes. Findings suggest discrimination increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults over a 10-year follow-up (Mdn = 6 years). The mechanisms through which perceived discrimination poses a risk for developing diabetes should be investigated. Objetivos: Examinar la asociación prospectiva entre la discriminación cotidiana percibida y la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 en una muestra poblacional grande. Métodos: Los datos provinieron del Estudio de Salud y Jubilación (Health and Retirement Study en inglés) de 14,900 personas de ≥ 50 años sin diagnóstico de diabetes. Los participantes informaron experiencias de discriminación cotidiana y estado de diabetes. Las asociaciones entre la discriminación cotidiana percibida al inicio (un momento determinado) y la incidencia de diabetes en los diez años siguientes se modelaron utilizando la regresión de Cox, ajustando los posibles factores de confusión. Los análisis exploratorios evaluaron la asociación entre los informes repetidos de discriminación cotidiana percibida (informes de discriminación cotidiana en más de un momento) y la aparición posterior de diabetes. Resultados: Un total de 917 (6.15%) de los 14,900 participantes desarrollaron diabetes tipo 2 durante un seguimiento máximo de 10 años (mediana = 6). La discriminación cotidiana percibida al inicio se asoció prospectivamente con un mayor riesgo de diabetes (HR = 1.37, IC del 95%: [1.15; 1.63], p < .001) independientemente de la edad, el sexo, la riqueza, etnicidad y la educación. Esta asociación fue sólida con ajustes adicionales por índice de masa corporal (BMI, por sus siglas en inglés), hipertensión, actividad física, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y depresión. En los análisis exploratorios, los informes repetidos de discriminación cotidiana no se asociaron significativamente con la incidencia de diabetes. Conclusiones: Las personas que perciben discriminación cotidiana tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 que aquellos que no perciben discriminación cotidiana. Se necesitan más investigaciones para investigar las posibles vías que vinculan la discriminación y la aparición de diabetes.

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U2 - 10.1037/hea0001369

DO - 10.1037/hea0001369

M3 - Article

C2 - 38842891

SN - 0278-6133

VL - 43

SP - 694

EP - 704

JO - Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association

JF - Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association

IS - 9

ER -

Perceived discrimination and type 2 diabetes incidence: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study

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