TY - JOUR
T1 - Pharmaceuticals in the freshwater invertebrate, Gammarus pulex, determined using pulverised liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
AU - Miller, Thomas H.
AU - McEneff, Gillian L.
AU - Brown, Rebecca J.
AU - Owen, Stewart F.
AU - Bury, Nicolas R.
AU - Barron, Leon P.
PY - 2015/4/1
Y1 - 2015/4/1
N2 - The development, characterisation and application of a new analytical method for multi-residue PPCP determination in the freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex are presented. Analysis was performed using pulverised liquid extraction (PuLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Qualitative method performance offered excellent limits of detection at <20ngg-1 for 18 out of 29 compounds. For quantitative application, linearity and precision were considered acceptable for 10 compounds across the ng-μgg-1 range (R2≥0.99; ≤20% relative standard deviation respectively). The method was applied to the analysis of G. pulex and river water sourced from six tributaries of the River Thames. Carbamazepine, diazepam, nimesulide, trimethoprim and warfarin were determined in G. pulex samples at low ngg-1 (dry weight) concentrations across these sites. Temazepam and diclofenac were also detected, but were not quantifiable. Six pharmaceuticals were quantified in surface waters across the eight sites at concentrations ranging from 3 to 344ngL-1. The possibility for confirmatory detection and subsequent quantification of pharmaceutical residues in benthic organisms such as G. pulex will enable further understanding on the susceptibility and ecological effects of PPCPs in the aquatic environment.
AB - The development, characterisation and application of a new analytical method for multi-residue PPCP determination in the freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex are presented. Analysis was performed using pulverised liquid extraction (PuLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Qualitative method performance offered excellent limits of detection at <20ngg-1 for 18 out of 29 compounds. For quantitative application, linearity and precision were considered acceptable for 10 compounds across the ng-μgg-1 range (R2≥0.99; ≤20% relative standard deviation respectively). The method was applied to the analysis of G. pulex and river water sourced from six tributaries of the River Thames. Carbamazepine, diazepam, nimesulide, trimethoprim and warfarin were determined in G. pulex samples at low ngg-1 (dry weight) concentrations across these sites. Temazepam and diclofenac were also detected, but were not quantifiable. Six pharmaceuticals were quantified in surface waters across the eight sites at concentrations ranging from 3 to 344ngL-1. The possibility for confirmatory detection and subsequent quantification of pharmaceutical residues in benthic organisms such as G. pulex will enable further understanding on the susceptibility and ecological effects of PPCPs in the aquatic environment.
KW - Emerging contaminants
KW - Environmental analysis
KW - Gammarus pulex
KW - Occurrence
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84919723357&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.034
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.034
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84919723357
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 511
SP - 153
EP - 160
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -