TY - JOUR
T1 - Population vs Individual Prediction of Poor Health from Results of Adverse Childhood Experiences Screening
AU - Baldwin, Jessie R.
AU - Caspi, Avshalom
AU - Meehan, Alan J.
AU - Ambler, Antony
AU - Arseneault, Louise
AU - Fisher, Helen L.
AU - Harrington, Honalee
AU - Matthews, Timothy
AU - Odgers, Candice L.
AU - Poulton, Richie
AU - Ramrakha, Sandhya
AU - Moffitt, Terrie E.
AU - Danese, Andrea
N1 - Funding Information:
Study is funded by grant G1002190 from the UK Medical Research Council. Additional support was provided by grant HD077482 from the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the Jacobs Foundation, and a research grant from the National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). The Dunedin Study was supported by grants AG032282, AG049789, and AG028716 from the National Institute on Aging and grant MR/ P005918/1 from the UK Medical Research Council. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit was supported by the New Zealand Health Research Council and New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment. Dr Baldwin was supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral fellowship (215917/Z/ 19/Z). Dr Fisher was supported by a British Academy Mid-Career Fellowship (MD/170005) and the ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health at King’s College London (ES/S012567/1). Dr Arseneault was supported by an ESRC Mental Health Leadership Fellowship. Dr Danese was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - Importance: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are well-established risk factors for health problems in a population. However, it is not known whether screening for ACEs can accurately identify individuals who develop later health problems. Objective: To test the predictive accuracy of ACE screening for later health problems. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study comprised 2 birth cohorts: the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study observed 2232 participants born during the period from 1994 to 1995 until they were aged 18 years (2012-2014); the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study observed 1037 participants born during the period from 1972 to 1973 until they were aged 45 years (2017-2019). Statistical analysis was performed from May 28, 2018, to July 29, 2020. Exposures: ACEs were measured prospectively in childhood through repeated interviews and observations in both cohorts. ACEs were also measured retrospectively in the Dunedin cohort through interviews at 38 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: Health outcomes were assessed at 18 years in E-Risk and at 45 years in the Dunedin cohort. Mental health problems were assessed through clinical interviews using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Physical health problems were assessed through interviews, anthropometric measurements, and blood collection. Results: Of 2232 E-Risk participants, 2009 (1051 girls [52%]) were included in the analysis. Of 1037 Dunedin cohort participants, 918 (460 boys [50%]) were included in the analysis. In E-Risk, children with higher ACE scores had greater risk of later health problems (any mental health problem: relative risk, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.10-1.18] per each additional ACE; any physical health problem: relative risk, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.07-1.12] per each additional ACE). ACE scores were associated with health problems independent of other information typically available to clinicians (ie, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, and history of health problems). However, ACE scores had poor accuracy in predicting an individual's risk of later health problems (any mental health problem: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.56-0.61]; any physical health problem: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.58-0.63]; chance prediction: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.50). Findings were consistent in the Dunedin cohort using both prospective and retrospective ACE measures. Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that, although ACE scores can forecast mean group differences in health, they have poor accuracy in predicting an individual's risk of later health problems. Therefore, targeting interventions based on ACE screening is likely to be ineffective in preventing poor health outcomes.
AB - Importance: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are well-established risk factors for health problems in a population. However, it is not known whether screening for ACEs can accurately identify individuals who develop later health problems. Objective: To test the predictive accuracy of ACE screening for later health problems. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study comprised 2 birth cohorts: the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study observed 2232 participants born during the period from 1994 to 1995 until they were aged 18 years (2012-2014); the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study observed 1037 participants born during the period from 1972 to 1973 until they were aged 45 years (2017-2019). Statistical analysis was performed from May 28, 2018, to July 29, 2020. Exposures: ACEs were measured prospectively in childhood through repeated interviews and observations in both cohorts. ACEs were also measured retrospectively in the Dunedin cohort through interviews at 38 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: Health outcomes were assessed at 18 years in E-Risk and at 45 years in the Dunedin cohort. Mental health problems were assessed through clinical interviews using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Physical health problems were assessed through interviews, anthropometric measurements, and blood collection. Results: Of 2232 E-Risk participants, 2009 (1051 girls [52%]) were included in the analysis. Of 1037 Dunedin cohort participants, 918 (460 boys [50%]) were included in the analysis. In E-Risk, children with higher ACE scores had greater risk of later health problems (any mental health problem: relative risk, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.10-1.18] per each additional ACE; any physical health problem: relative risk, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.07-1.12] per each additional ACE). ACE scores were associated with health problems independent of other information typically available to clinicians (ie, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, and history of health problems). However, ACE scores had poor accuracy in predicting an individual's risk of later health problems (any mental health problem: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.56-0.61]; any physical health problem: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.58-0.63]; chance prediction: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.50). Findings were consistent in the Dunedin cohort using both prospective and retrospective ACE measures. Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that, although ACE scores can forecast mean group differences in health, they have poor accuracy in predicting an individual's risk of later health problems. Therefore, targeting interventions based on ACE screening is likely to be ineffective in preventing poor health outcomes.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85099946542&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5602
DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5602
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85099946542
SN - 2168-6203
VL - 175
SP - 385
EP - 393
JO - JAMA Pediatrics
JF - JAMA Pediatrics
IS - 4
ER -
