Processing Apples to Puree or Juice Speeds Gastric Emptying and Reduces Postprandial Intestinal Volumes and Satiety in Healthy Adults

Shanthi Krishnasamy; Miranda Clare Elizabeth Lomer; Luca Marciani; Caroline Louise Hoad; Susan Elizabeth Pritchard; Joe Paul; Penny Ann Gowland; Robin Charles Spiller

doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa191

Processing Apples to Puree or Juice Speeds Gastric Emptying and Reduces Postprandial Intestinal Volumes and Satiety in Healthy Adults

Shanthi Krishnasamy, Miranda Clare Elizabeth Lomer, Luca Marciani, Caroline Louise Hoad, Susan Elizabeth Pritchard, Joe Paul, Penny Ann Gowland, Robin Charles Spiller

Nutritional Sciences

Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Nutritional Sciences
1Department of Hepatology, Imperial College London, London, UK. 2Institute of Liver Studies at King's College School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK. 3Institute of Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, UK. 4Department of Asthma Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK. 5Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust and University of Nottingham
Department of Anesthesia, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Anesthesia and Critical Care Section, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

19 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Whole apples produce greater satiety than processed apples, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the intragastric processing of apple preparations and the associated small and large bowel contents using MRI.

METHODS: An open label, 3-way crossover, randomized, controlled trial. Eighteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age, 25 ± 4 y; BMI, 22.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) underwent serial MRI scans on 3 occasions separated by 7 d, after consumption of isocaloric (178 kcal) portions of either whole apples, apple puree, or apple juice. Gastric emptying, small bowel water content (SBWC; primary endpoint), were measured at baseline and at 45 min intervals (0-270 min) postmeal ingestion. Fullness and satiety were also assessed at each time point. Treatment effects between groups were analyzed using ANOVA.

RESULTS: Gastric emptying half-time (GE t50) was greater (P < 0.0001) after participants consumed whole apple (mean ± SEM), 65 (3.3) min compared with when they consumed apple puree (41 [2.8] min) or apple juice (38 [2.9] min), times that did not differ. Postprandial area under the curve (AUC) (135-270 min) SBWC was also greater for whole apples than puree (P = 0.025) and juice (P = 0.0004) but juice and puree did not differ. AUC for fullness and satiety (0-270 min) postingestion was also greater (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively) for whole apple compared with juice but juice and puree did not differ.

CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying is slower after whole apple consumption causing a greater sensation of fullness and satiety than puree or juice in healthy adults. Whole apples increased small bowel and colonic contents during the later phase of the study which may be relevant for subsequent food consumption.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03714464.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2890-2899
Number of pages	10
Journal	The Journal of nutrition
Volume	150
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa191
Publication status	Published - 19 Nov 2020

Keywords

Adult
Cross-Over Studies
Female
Fruit
Fruit and Vegetable Juices
Gastric Emptying
Humans
Male
Malus
Satiety Response
Young Adult

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10.1093/jn/nxaa191

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@article{ed7c747c31884e89adb648067dabfeda,

title = "Processing Apples to Puree or Juice Speeds Gastric Emptying and Reduces Postprandial Intestinal Volumes and Satiety in Healthy Adults",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: Whole apples produce greater satiety than processed apples, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the intragastric processing of apple preparations and the associated small and large bowel contents using MRI.METHODS: An open label, 3-way crossover, randomized, controlled trial. Eighteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age, 25 ± 4 y; BMI, 22.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) underwent serial MRI scans on 3 occasions separated by 7 d, after consumption of isocaloric (178 kcal) portions of either whole apples, apple puree, or apple juice. Gastric emptying, small bowel water content (SBWC; primary endpoint), were measured at baseline and at 45 min intervals (0-270 min) postmeal ingestion. Fullness and satiety were also assessed at each time point. Treatment effects between groups were analyzed using ANOVA.RESULTS: Gastric emptying half-time (GE t50) was greater (P < 0.0001) after participants consumed whole apple (mean ± SEM), 65 (3.3) min compared with when they consumed apple puree (41 [2.8] min) or apple juice (38 [2.9] min), times that did not differ. Postprandial area under the curve (AUC) (135-270 min) SBWC was also greater for whole apples than puree (P = 0.025) and juice (P = 0.0004) but juice and puree did not differ. AUC for fullness and satiety (0-270 min) postingestion was also greater (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively) for whole apple compared with juice but juice and puree did not differ.CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying is slower after whole apple consumption causing a greater sensation of fullness and satiety than puree or juice in healthy adults. Whole apples increased small bowel and colonic contents during the later phase of the study which may be relevant for subsequent food consumption.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03714464.",

keywords = "Adult, Cross-Over Studies, Female, Fruit, Fruit and Vegetable Juices, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Male, Malus, Satiety Response, Young Adult",

author = "Shanthi Krishnasamy and Lomer, {Miranda Clare Elizabeth} and Luca Marciani and Hoad, {Caroline Louise} and Pritchard, {Susan Elizabeth} and Joe Paul and Gowland, {Penny Ann} and Spiller, {Robin Charles}",

note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} The Author(s) on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2020.",

year = "2020",

month = nov,

day = "19",

doi = "10.1093/jn/nxaa191",

language = "English",

volume = "150",

pages = "2890--2899",

journal = "The Journal of nutrition",

issn = "0022-3166",

publisher = "American Society for Nutrition",

number = "11",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Processing Apples to Puree or Juice Speeds Gastric Emptying and Reduces Postprandial Intestinal Volumes and Satiety in Healthy Adults

AU - Krishnasamy, Shanthi

AU - Lomer, Miranda Clare Elizabeth

AU - Marciani, Luca

AU - Hoad, Caroline Louise

AU - Pritchard, Susan Elizabeth

AU - Paul, Joe

AU - Gowland, Penny Ann

AU - Spiller, Robin Charles

PY - 2020/11/19

Y1 - 2020/11/19

N2 - BACKGROUND: Whole apples produce greater satiety than processed apples, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the intragastric processing of apple preparations and the associated small and large bowel contents using MRI.METHODS: An open label, 3-way crossover, randomized, controlled trial. Eighteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age, 25 ± 4 y; BMI, 22.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) underwent serial MRI scans on 3 occasions separated by 7 d, after consumption of isocaloric (178 kcal) portions of either whole apples, apple puree, or apple juice. Gastric emptying, small bowel water content (SBWC; primary endpoint), were measured at baseline and at 45 min intervals (0-270 min) postmeal ingestion. Fullness and satiety were also assessed at each time point. Treatment effects between groups were analyzed using ANOVA.RESULTS: Gastric emptying half-time (GE t50) was greater (P < 0.0001) after participants consumed whole apple (mean ± SEM), 65 (3.3) min compared with when they consumed apple puree (41 [2.8] min) or apple juice (38 [2.9] min), times that did not differ. Postprandial area under the curve (AUC) (135-270 min) SBWC was also greater for whole apples than puree (P = 0.025) and juice (P = 0.0004) but juice and puree did not differ. AUC for fullness and satiety (0-270 min) postingestion was also greater (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively) for whole apple compared with juice but juice and puree did not differ.CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying is slower after whole apple consumption causing a greater sensation of fullness and satiety than puree or juice in healthy adults. Whole apples increased small bowel and colonic contents during the later phase of the study which may be relevant for subsequent food consumption.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03714464.

AB - BACKGROUND: Whole apples produce greater satiety than processed apples, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the intragastric processing of apple preparations and the associated small and large bowel contents using MRI.METHODS: An open label, 3-way crossover, randomized, controlled trial. Eighteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age, 25 ± 4 y; BMI, 22.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) underwent serial MRI scans on 3 occasions separated by 7 d, after consumption of isocaloric (178 kcal) portions of either whole apples, apple puree, or apple juice. Gastric emptying, small bowel water content (SBWC; primary endpoint), were measured at baseline and at 45 min intervals (0-270 min) postmeal ingestion. Fullness and satiety were also assessed at each time point. Treatment effects between groups were analyzed using ANOVA.RESULTS: Gastric emptying half-time (GE t50) was greater (P < 0.0001) after participants consumed whole apple (mean ± SEM), 65 (3.3) min compared with when they consumed apple puree (41 [2.8] min) or apple juice (38 [2.9] min), times that did not differ. Postprandial area under the curve (AUC) (135-270 min) SBWC was also greater for whole apples than puree (P = 0.025) and juice (P = 0.0004) but juice and puree did not differ. AUC for fullness and satiety (0-270 min) postingestion was also greater (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively) for whole apple compared with juice but juice and puree did not differ.CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying is slower after whole apple consumption causing a greater sensation of fullness and satiety than puree or juice in healthy adults. Whole apples increased small bowel and colonic contents during the later phase of the study which may be relevant for subsequent food consumption.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03714464.

KW - Adult

KW - Cross-Over Studies

KW - Female

KW - Fruit

KW - Fruit and Vegetable Juices

KW - Gastric Emptying

KW - Humans

KW - Male

KW - Malus

KW - Satiety Response

KW - Young Adult

U2 - 10.1093/jn/nxaa191

DO - 10.1093/jn/nxaa191

M3 - Article

C2 - 32805050

SN - 0022-3166

VL - 150

SP - 2890

EP - 2899

JO - The Journal of nutrition

JF - The Journal of nutrition

IS - 11

ER -

Processing Apples to Puree or Juice Speeds Gastric Emptying and Reduces Postprandial Intestinal Volumes and Satiety in Healthy Adults

Abstract

Keywords

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