TY - JOUR
T1 - Recruitment of toxin-like proteins with ancestral venom function supports endoparasitic lifestyles of Myxozoa
AU - Hartigan, Ashlie
AU - Jaimes-Becerra, Adrian
AU - Okamura, Beth
AU - Doonan, Liam B.
AU - Ward, Malcolm
AU - Marques, Antonio C.
AU - Long, Paul F.
N1 - Funding Information:
The following grant information was disclosed by the authors: Leverhulme Trust: RPG-2016-037. FAPESP: 2011/50242-5. CAPES: 88882.333070/2019-01 (236.507.518-52). CNPq: 309995/2017-5.
Funding Information:
Funding is from the Leverhulme Trust grant RPG-2016-037. Antonio C. Marques and Adrian Jaimes-Becerra received support from FAPESP (process 2011/50242-5) and CAPES (process 88882.333070/2019-01 [236.507.518-52]). Antonio C. Marques also received support from CNPq (process 309995/2017-5). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Hartigan et al.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/4/26
Y1 - 2021/4/26
N2 - Cnidarians are the oldest lineage of venomous animals and use nematocysts to discharge toxins. Whether venom toxins have been recruited to support parasitic lifestyles in the Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa + Polypodium) is, however, unknown. To examine this issue we variously employed transcriptomic, proteomic, associated molecular phylogenies, and localisation studies on representative primitive and derived myxozoans (Malacosporea and Myxosporea, respectively), Polypodium hydriforme, and the free-living staurozoan Calvadosia cruxmelitensis. Our transcriptomics and proteomics analyses provide evidence for expression and translation of venom toxin homologs in myxozoans. Phylogenetic placement of Kunitz type serine protease inhibitors and phospholipase A2 enzymes reveals modification of toxins inherited from ancestral free-living cnidarian toxins, and that venom diversity is reduced in myxozoans concordant with their reduced genome sizes. Various phylogenetic analyses of the Kunitz-type toxin family in Endocnidozoa suggested lineage-specific gene duplications, which offers a possible mechanism for enhancing toxin diversification. Toxin localisation in the malacosporean Buddenbrockia plumatellae substantiates toxin translation and thus illustrates a repurposing of toxin function for endoparasite development and interactions with hosts, rather than for prey capture or defence. Whether myxozoan venom candidates are expressed in transmission stages (e.g. in nematocysts or secretory vesicles) requires further investigation.
AB - Cnidarians are the oldest lineage of venomous animals and use nematocysts to discharge toxins. Whether venom toxins have been recruited to support parasitic lifestyles in the Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa + Polypodium) is, however, unknown. To examine this issue we variously employed transcriptomic, proteomic, associated molecular phylogenies, and localisation studies on representative primitive and derived myxozoans (Malacosporea and Myxosporea, respectively), Polypodium hydriforme, and the free-living staurozoan Calvadosia cruxmelitensis. Our transcriptomics and proteomics analyses provide evidence for expression and translation of venom toxin homologs in myxozoans. Phylogenetic placement of Kunitz type serine protease inhibitors and phospholipase A2 enzymes reveals modification of toxins inherited from ancestral free-living cnidarian toxins, and that venom diversity is reduced in myxozoans concordant with their reduced genome sizes. Various phylogenetic analyses of the Kunitz-type toxin family in Endocnidozoa suggested lineage-specific gene duplications, which offers a possible mechanism for enhancing toxin diversification. Toxin localisation in the malacosporean Buddenbrockia plumatellae substantiates toxin translation and thus illustrates a repurposing of toxin function for endoparasite development and interactions with hosts, rather than for prey capture or defence. Whether myxozoan venom candidates are expressed in transmission stages (e.g. in nematocysts or secretory vesicles) requires further investigation.
KW - Buddenbrockia plumatellae
KW - Cnidaria
KW - Polypodium hydriforme
KW - Secretion
KW - Toxin divergence
KW - Venom
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105036562&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.7717/peerj.11208
DO - 10.7717/peerj.11208
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105036562
SN - 2167-8359
VL - 9
JO - PeerJ
JF - PeerJ
M1 - e11208
ER -