Sex differences in foetal origins of child emotional symptoms: a test of evolutionary hypotheses in a large, general population cohort

TY - JOUR

T1 - Sex differences in foetal origins of child emotional symptoms

T2 - a test of evolutionary hypotheses in a large, general population cohort

AU - Braithwaite, Elizabeth C.

AU - Pickles, Andrew

AU - Wright, Nicola

AU - Sharp, Helen

AU - Hill, Jonathan

PY - 2020/11/1

Y1 - 2020/11/1

N2 - Background: Based on previous findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS), and on evolutionary hypotheses, we preregistered analyses of data from a large epidemiological sample (https://osf.io/fn5g9/register/564d31db8c5e4a7c9694b2be), to test for sex-dependent moderation by prenatal maternal depressive symptoms of the association between postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and child emotional problems. Methods: A total of 8,354 mothers and children were followed from pregnancy to 3.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self-report measures of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal report of child emotional symptoms were administered. Results: There was a three-way interaction between maternal prenatal and postnatal depression, and child sex (Coeff.042 95% CI 0.015 to 0.068, p =.002). This arose from moderation by prenatal depression, in opposite directions in boys and in girls. In boys, the association between postnatal depression and child emotional symptoms was weaker following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff =.030, p =.001), and in girls, to a lesser extent, the association was stronger following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = −.012, p =.221). Conclusions: We replicated the finding from the WCHADS that prenatal depression modifies the association between postnatal depression and children's emotional problems in a sex-dependent fashion. In ALSPAC, the sex difference was explained mainly by a protective effect of low prenatal depression in boys, while in WCHADS, it arose from greater vulnerability of girls to postnatal depression following low prenatal depression. In the light of these findings, in evaluating and implementing early interventions, there is need to consider that risks associated with postnatal depression may vary depending on maternal mood during pregnancy and may differ between boys and girls.

AB - Background: Based on previous findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS), and on evolutionary hypotheses, we preregistered analyses of data from a large epidemiological sample (https://osf.io/fn5g9/register/564d31db8c5e4a7c9694b2be), to test for sex-dependent moderation by prenatal maternal depressive symptoms of the association between postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and child emotional problems. Methods: A total of 8,354 mothers and children were followed from pregnancy to 3.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self-report measures of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal report of child emotional symptoms were administered. Results: There was a three-way interaction between maternal prenatal and postnatal depression, and child sex (Coeff.042 95% CI 0.015 to 0.068, p =.002). This arose from moderation by prenatal depression, in opposite directions in boys and in girls. In boys, the association between postnatal depression and child emotional symptoms was weaker following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff =.030, p =.001), and in girls, to a lesser extent, the association was stronger following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = −.012, p =.221). Conclusions: We replicated the finding from the WCHADS that prenatal depression modifies the association between postnatal depression and children's emotional problems in a sex-dependent fashion. In ALSPAC, the sex difference was explained mainly by a protective effect of low prenatal depression in boys, while in WCHADS, it arose from greater vulnerability of girls to postnatal depression following low prenatal depression. In the light of these findings, in evaluating and implementing early interventions, there is need to consider that risks associated with postnatal depression may vary depending on maternal mood during pregnancy and may differ between boys and girls.

KW - emotional disorder

KW - maternal depression

KW - postnatal

KW - prenatal

KW - Sex differences

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85082044671&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1111/jcpp.13229

DO - 10.1111/jcpp.13229

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85082044671

SN - 0021-9630

VL - 61

SP - 1194

EP - 1202

JO - Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

JF - Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

IS - 11

ER -