@article{1c5a10e2176441c8b1bf666deb427278,
title = "Speaker's Reference, Semantic Reference, Sneaky Reference",
abstract = "According to what is perhaps the dominant picture of reference, what a referential term refers to in a context is determined by what the speaker intends for her audience to identify as the referent. I argue that this sort of broadly Gricean view entails, counterintuitively, that it is impossible to knowingly use referential terms in ways that one expects or intends to be misunderstood. Then I sketch an alternative which can better account for such opaque uses of language, or what I call “sneaky reference.” I close by reflecting on the ramifications of these arguments for the theory of meaning more broadly.",
author = "Eliot Michaelson",
note = "Funding Information: This essay has been a long time in the making, and I am indebted to many people for comments and discussion: Zed Adams, Jonas {\AA}kerman, Josh Armstrong, Endre Begby, Corine Besson, Mel Bervoets, Michael Blome-Tillman, Emma Borg, Michael Brownstein, Ray Buchanan, Mark Budolfson, Denis Buehler, Elisabeth Camp, Robyn Carston, Jonathan Cohen, Jorah Dannenberg, Louis deRosset, Ashley Feinsinger, Giulia Felappi, David Friedell, Cressida Gaukroger, Mark Greenberg, Alex Grzankowski, Bob Hale, Nat Hansen, Dan Harris, Jeff Helmreich, Nick Jones, David Kaplan, Nils K{\"u}rbis, Ernie Lepore, Hallie Liberto, Dustin Locke, Guy Longworth, Yannig Luthra, Matt Moss, Daniel Nolan, Ethan Nowak, Tyke Nunez, Eileen Nutting, Matthew Parrott, Jessica Pepp, Alejandro P{\'e}rez Carballo, David Plunkett, Dolf Rami, Joseph Raz, Andrew Reisner, Karl Schafer, Sam Shpall, Jeff Speaks, Mark Textor, Elmar Unnsteinsson, and Ariel Zylberman. Particular thanks are due to Kathryn Lindeman and Sam Cumming. This work was partially supported by a Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship at McGill University. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Author. Mind & Language published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",
year = "2022",
month = nov,
day = "16",
doi = "10.1111/mila.12349",
language = "English",
volume = "37",
pages = "856--875",
journal = "Mind & Language",
issn = "0268-1064",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "5",
}