| Original language | English |
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| Pages (from-to) | 1-11 |
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| Number of pages | 11 |
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| Journal | Immunology Letters |
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| Volume | 244 |
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| Early online date | 25 Feb 2022 |
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| DOIs | |
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| Accepted/In press | 24 Feb 2022 |
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| E-pub ahead of print | 25 Feb 2022 |
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| Published | Apr 2022 |
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Funding Information:
The authors aknowledge funding by UTA-EXPL/NPN/0082/2019, EJPRD/0003/2019, and LISBOA-01–0145-FEDER-007391 , projeto cofinanciado pelo FEDER através POR Lisboa 2020–Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa, do PORTUGAL 2020, e pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia to LG .
Funding Information:
The authors aknowledge funding by UTA-EXPL/NPN/0082/2019, EJPRD/0003/2019, and LISBOA-01?0145-FEDER-007391, projeto cofinanciado pelo FEDER atrav?s POR Lisboa 2020?Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa, do PORTUGAL 2020, e pela Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia to LG.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022
The formation of high-affinity antibodies that protect against infection requires the formation of germinal centres (GCs), where specialized T follicular helper cells (Tfh) provide help to B cells. Those T-B interactions are critical in supporting isotype switching and affinity maturation of B cells. However, GC responses need to be tightly regulated by specialized Foxp3-expressing T follicular regulatory cells (Tfr). It has been shown that the failure of Tfr cells to regulate GC responses can lead to antibody-mediated autoimmunity. Hence, the balance between protection against infection versus tolerance towards self requires an appropriate regulation of cellular and molecular events within secondary lymphoid tissue. Here, we review the development and biology of these T follicular cell subsets, with special emphasis on the metabolic regulation of Tfh cells, thus contributing to a greater understanding of GC responses. [Abstract copyright: Crown Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.]