X Chromosome Dose and Sex Bias in Autoimmune Diseases: Increased Prevalence of 47,XXX in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren's Syndrome

Ke Liu, Biji T. Kurien, Sarah L. Zimmerman, Kenneth M. Kaufman, Diana H. Taft, Leah C. Kottyan, Sara Lazaro, Carrie A. Weaver, John A. Ice, Adam J. Adler, James Chodosh, Lida Radfar, Astrid Rasmussen, Donald U. Stone, David M. Lewis, Shibo Li, Kristi A. Koelsch, Ann Igoe, Mitali Talsania, Jay KumarJacen S. Maier-Moore, Valerie M. Harris, Rajaram Gopalakrishnan, Roland Jonsson, James A. Lessard, Xianglan Lu, Jacques Eric Gottenberg, Juan Manuel Anaya, Deborah S. Cunninghame-Graham, Andrew J W Huang, Michael T. Brennan, Pamela Hughes, Gabor G. Illei, Corinne Miceli-Richard, Edward C. Keystone, Vivian P. Bykerk, Gideon Hirschfield, Gang Xie, Wan Fai Ng, Gunnel Nordmark, Per Eriksson, Roald Omdal, Nelson L. Rhodus, Maureen Rischmueller, Michael Rohrer, Barbara M. Segal, Timothy J. Vyse, Marie Wahren-Herlenius, Torsten Witte, Bernardo Pons-Estel, Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme, Joel M. Guthridge, Judith A. James, Christopher J. Lessard, Jennifer A. Kelly, Susan D. Thompson, Patrick M. Gaffney, Courtney G. Montgomery, Jeffrey C. Edberg, Robert P. Kimberly, Graciela S. Alarcón, Carl L. Langefeld, Gary S. Gilkeson, Diane L. Kamen, Betty P. Tsao, W. Joseph McCune, Jane E. Salmon, Joan T. Merrill, Michael H. Weisman, Daniel J. Wallace, Tammy O. Utset, Erwin P. Bottinger, Christopher I. Amos, Katherine A. Siminovitch, Xavier Mariette, Kathy L. Sivils, John B. Harley*, R. Hal Scofield

*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Objective More than 80% of autoimmune disease predominantly affects females, but the mechanism for this female bias is poorly understood. We suspected that an X chromosome dose effect accounts for this, and we undertook this study to test our hypothesis that trisomy X (47,XXX; occurring in ∼1 in 1,000 live female births) would be increased in patients with female-predominant diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], primary Sjögren's syndrome [SS], primary biliary cirrhosis, and rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) compared to patients with diseases without female predominance (sarcoidosis) and compared to controls. Methods All subjects in this study were female. We identified subjects with 47,XXX using aggregate data from single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and, when possible, we confirmed the presence of 47,XXX using fluorescence in situ hybridization or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results We found 47,XXX in 7 of 2,826 SLE patients and in 3 of 1,033 SS patients, but in only 2 of 7,074 controls (odds ratio in the SLE and primary SS groups 8.78 [95% confidence interval 1.67-86.79], P = 0.003 and odds ratio 10.29 [95% confidence interval 1.18-123.47], P = 0.02, respectively). One in 404 women with SLE and 1 in 344 women with SS had 47,XXX. There was an excess of 47,XXX among SLE and SS patients. Conclusion The estimated prevalence of SLE and SS in women with 47,XXX was ∼2.5 and ∼2.9 times higher, respectively, than that in women with 46,XX and ∼25 and ∼41 times higher, respectively, than that in men with 46,XY. No statistically significant increase of 47,XXX was observed in other female-biased diseases (primary biliary cirrhosis or RA), supporting the idea of multiple pathways to sex bias in autoimmunity.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1290-1300
Number of pages11
JournalArthritis and Rheumatology
Volume68
Issue number5
Early online date27 Apr 2016
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 May 2016

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